CASTRO URDIALES (Cantabria). 1:5.000

Comprende la ciudad de Castro-Urdiales y sus inmediaciones, en la provincia de SantanderOrientado con cuadranteRelieve representado por normalesIndica la situación de las trincheras y baterías francesas en el sitio de la ciudad de Castro UrdialesSeñala los principales edificios religiosos de la ciudadAparecen representadas diversas embarcaciones en el ma

ASTORGA (León). Asedios (1810). 1:6.200

Presenta un esquemático plano de la ciudad, señalando sus edificios más notablesOrientado con flecha y mención nominal de los puntos cardinalesRelieve representado por normalesIndica los posiciones del ejército francés durante el sitio de la ciudadLocaliza los caminos indicando la dirección a los municipios que conduce

BADAJOZ. Asedios (1811?). 1:10.300

Orientado con flecha al N. Indicados los puntos cardinalesRelieve representado por normalesFiguran parcelas de cultivo y vegetaciónIndica toponimiaIndicada con flecha la dirección del río GuadianaAl verso: "Para la Biblioteca Central Militar, Federico Bordojé, Paris 15 de febrero de 1951', con rúbric

BURGOS. Fortificaciones (1812). 1:2.800

Relieve representado por normalesRelación de las dependencias más destacadas del fuerte, así como de la plazas y edificios más importantes de la ciuda

The history of written language disorders: reexamining Pitres’ case (1884) of pure agraphia

The first clinical description of pure agraphia was reported by the French neurologist Pitres in 1884. Pitres used the case study evidence to argue for modality-specific memory representations and the localization of writing. This article reviews Pitres’s contribution to the study of acquired writing disorders, the components of writing models and the cerebral localization which subserve writing, in light of the views entertained by his contemporaries and current authors. Although numerous cases have been reported throughout this century, the view that writing can be impaired while other language functions and motor activities remain intact is still challenged

Plan du siége du Girone [Material cartográfico]

Mapa gravat amb xarxa de camins, arbres i conreus. Xarxa hidrogràfica. Ombrejat del relleu. Indicades les trajectòries dels projectils = Mapa grabado con la red de caminos, árboles y cultivos. Red hidrográfica. Sombreado del relieve. Indicadas las trayectorias de los proyectilesCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

GERONA. Estrategia militar (1809). 1:6.300

Comprende la ciudad de Gerona y parte de sus alrededores, destacando las fortificaciones en ella existentesEscala gráfica también dada en toesasRelieve representado por curvas de nivel, puntos acotados, normales y sombreadoIndica las principales fortificaciones de la ciudadSeñala las posiciones y movimientos del ejército francé

Converging evidence of underlying competence: Comprehension and production in the acquisition of Spanish subject-verb agreement

A surprising comprehension-production asymmetry in subject-verb (SV) agreement acquisition has been suggested in the literature, and recent research indicates that task-specific as well as language-specific features may contribute to this apparent asymmetry across languages. The present study investigates when during development children acquiring Mexican Spanish gain competence with 3rd-person SV agreement, testing production as well as comprehension in the same children aged between 3;6 and 5;7 years, and whether comprehension of SV agreement is modulated by the sentential position of the verb (i.e., medial vs. final position). Accuracy and sensitivity analyses show that comprehension performance correlates with SV agreement production abilities, and that comprehension of singular and plural third-person forms is not influenced by the sentential position of the agreement morpheme. Issues of the appropriate outcome measure and the role of structural familiarity in the development of abstract representations are discussed

Agarra, agarran: Evidence of early comprehension of subject-verb agreement in Spanish

​Studies across many languages (e.g., Dutch, English, Farsi, Spanish, Xhosa) have failed to show early acquisition of subject-verb agreement, while recent studies on French reveal acquisition by 30 months of age. Using a similar procedure as in previous French studies, the present study evaluated whether earlier comprehension of subject-verb agreement in (Mexican) Spanish can be revealed when task demands are lowered. Two experiments using a touch-screen pointing task tested comprehension of SV agreement by monolingual Spanish-speaking children growing up in Mexico City, between about 3 and 5 years of age. In Experiment 1, the auditory stimuli consisted of a transitive verb+pseudonoun object (e.g. agarra el micho ‘he throws the micho’ vs. agarran el duco ‘they throw the duco’); results failed to show early comprehension of SV agreement, replicating previous findings. In Experiment 2, the same stimuli were used, with the crucial difference that the word objeto ‘object’ replaced all pseudonouns; results revealed SV agreement comprehension as early as 41 to 50 months. Taken together, our findings show that comprehension at this age is facilitated when task demands are lowered, here by not requiring children to process pseudowords (even when these were not critical to the task). These findings hence underscore the importance of task-/stimulus-specific features when testing early morphosyntactic development, and suggest that previous results may have underestimated Spanish-speaking children’s competence

Role of the Single-Stranded DNA–Binding Protein SsbB in Pneumococcal Transformation: Maintenance of a Reservoir for Genetic Plasticity

Bacteria encode a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB) crucial for genome maintenance. In Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, an alternative SSB, SsbB, is expressed uniquely during competence for genetic transformation, but its precise role has been disappointingly obscure. Here, we report our investigations involving comparison of a null mutant (ssbB−) and a C-ter truncation (ssbBΔ7) of SsbB of S. pneumoniae, the latter constructed because SSBs' acidic tail has emerged as a key site for interactions with partner proteins. We provide evidence that SsbB directly protects internalized ssDNA. We show that SsbB is highly abundant, potentially allowing the binding of ∼1.15 Mb ssDNA (half a genome equivalent); that it participates in the processing of ssDNA into recombinants; and that, at high DNA concentration, it is of crucial importance for chromosomal transformation whilst antagonizing plasmid transformation. While the latter observation explains a long-standing observation that plasmid transformation is very inefficient in S. pneumoniae (compared to chromosomal transformation), the former supports our previous suggestion that SsbB creates a reservoir of ssDNA, allowing successive recombination cycles. SsbBΔ7 fulfils the reservoir function, suggesting that SsbB C-ter is not necessary for processing protein(s) to access stored ssDNA. We propose that the evolutionary raison d'être of SsbB and its abundance is maintenance of this reservoir, which contributes to the genetic plasticity of S. pneumoniae by increasing the likelihood of multiple transformation events in the same cell