Observation of Dynamic Interactions between Fundamental and Second-Harmonic Modes in a High-Power Sub-Terahertz Gyrotron Operating in Regimes of Soft and Hard Self-Excitation

Dynamic mode interaction between fundamental and second-harmonic modes has been observed in high-power sub-terahertz gyrotrons [T. Notake et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 225002 (2009); T. Saito et al. Phys. Plasmas 19, 063106 (2012)]. Interaction takes place between a parasitic fundamental or firstharmonic (FH) mode and an operating second-harmonic (SH) mode, as well as among SH modes. In particular, nonlinear excitation of the parasitic FH mode in the hard self-excitation regime with assistance of a SH mode in the soft self-excitation regime was clearly observed. Moreover, both cases of stable twomode oscillation and oscillation of the FH mode only were observed. These observations and theoretical analyses of the dynamic behavior of the mode interaction verify the nonlinear hard self-excitation of the FH mode

Adaptacja chińskich hieroglifów w Japonii a kultura przekładu

In the third century one part of elite of the ancient Japanese society adopted Chinese writing and began to learn it. It is assumed that at the beginning Japanese read Chinese characters following the sound patterns of the ancient Japanese language approximating the Chinese sounds. However, Japanese sounds applied the Chinese characters, and at the same time the word order was changed into Japanese word order. This was the beginning of kanbun kundoku, or Chinese writing with Japanese readings. The term ‘Japanese readings’ is used here in the sense of both: to read each individual character as a Chinese character, or, to read them replacing the word order of Chinese writing into a Japanese translation. When Chinese characters were adopted for use in Japan, they were at first read as Chinese sounds with a Japanese pronunciation approximating that of the Chinese reading. Thereafter, this type of Japanese translation for individual readings of Chinese characters known as ‘kundoku’ began. ‘Kundoku’ (reading characters with their Chinese pronunciations) is still used today along with ‘ondoku’ for reading Chinese characters used in Japanese, i.e. in ‘kanbun kundoku’. This first reading is important in the history of modern Japanese translation. The reason is that when Japanese first encountered western languages, this method of Chinese translation readings was used for English translation, French translation, and so on. In short, Japanese people created another style of written Japanese for translation, dating back to Chinese writing system, apart from the traditional ancient Japanese language system. In Japan, however, after Chinese characters were introduced from China, Japanese created a style of native Japanese readings. Japanese translators have translated naturally according to their own logic and style.In the third century one part of elite of the ancient Japanese society adopted Chinese writing and began to learn it. It is assumed that at the beginning Japanese read Chinese characters following the sound patterns of the ancient Japanese language approximating the Chinese sounds. However, Japanese sounds applied the Chinese characters, and at the same time the word order was changed into Japanese word order. This was the beginning of kanbun kundoku, or Chinese writing with Japanese readings. The term ‘Japanese readings’ is used here in the sense of both: to read each individual character as a Chinese character, or, to read them replacing the word order of Chinese writing into a Japanese translation. When Chinese characters were adopted for use in Japan, they were at first read as Chinese sounds with a Japanese pronunciation approximating that of the Chinese reading. Thereafter, this type of Japanese translation for individual readings of Chinese characters known as ‘kundoku’ began. ‘Kundoku’ (reading characters with their Chinese pronunciations) is still used today along with ‘ondoku’ for reading Chinese characters used in Japanese, i.e. in ‘kanbun kundoku’. This first reading is important in the history of modern Japanese translation. The reason is that when Japanese first encountered western languages, this method of Chinese translation readings was used for English translation, French translation, and so on. In short, Japanese people created another style of written Japanese for translation, dating back to Chinese writing system, apart from the traditional ancient Japanese language system. In Japan, however, after Chinese characters were introduced from China, Japanese created a style of native Japanese readings. Japanese translators have translated naturally according to their own logic and style

Characterization of the Shear-Induced Potential (SIP) in Clay and the Application to Landslide Sites

Electrical polarizations were observed in common fine soil aggregates in shear deformation tests and simulations conducted in a laboratory. This electric potential is called Shear-induced Potential (SIP). The SIP can be interpreted as the physicochemical interaction between the surface of clay particles and interstitial water by the kinetics of the electric double layer. The SIP could not be detected in a remolded craft clay sample, which was possibly treated with electrically non-dipole oil. In the laboratory, a plane strain test under the un-drained condition was carried out to reveal the characteristics of the polarization accompanying the shear deformation. Gouges from the active faults were remolded with saline water and consolidated axially under the condition of K0 as the test specimen. The polarities of the electric charges induced at the surfaces of the specimens were positive, neutral and negative for the maximum (tensional), intermediate and minimum principal strain axial planes, respectively. In addition, in-situ observations of the spontaneous potential (SP) were performed at gravitationally unstable sites to verify the results obtained in the laboratory. The characteristic distributions of the charge and time variation of SP were consistent with the pattern observed by the scaled model experiments in the laboratory

Ionic Conduction at Interfaces of Solid Electrolytes and Electrodes

ナノダイナミクス国際シンポジウム 平成22年1月21日(木) 於長崎大学Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2010 (NSND2010), January 21, 2010, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Invited Lectur

Electric Double Layer Capacitors on Hierarchical Porous Carbons

Nagasaki Symposium on Nano-Dynamics 2008 (NSND2008) 平成20年1月29日(火)於長崎大学 Poster Presentatio

Lithium Depletion in the Solid Electrolyte Adjacent to Cathode Materials

Nanocomposites of lithium ion conductors (Li2SiO3 and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3) and electrode materials (TiO2, Li0.01TiO2 and FePO4) were prepared to investigate interfacial structure and ionic conductivity at the interface between solid electrolytes and electrode materials. It was revealed that lithium ions in the solid electrolytes were attracted to the cathode materials with increasing electrode potential, which increases lithium vacancies in solid electrolytes. For the FePO4 containing composites, due to the high electrode potential, lithium transfer across the interface and ionic conduction through the cathode materials was remarkable. The results suggest that severe lithium depletion occurs and interfacial resistance is large at the interface of high ionic conductors and cathode materials.Interfaces and Interphases in Battery Systems - PRiME 2012; Honolulu, HI; United States; 7 October 2012 ～ 12 October 201

Ecology of Traditional Padi Fanning in West Malaysia

Abstract West Malaysia is divided into seven padi regions: (I) the Ke1antan-Trengganu marginal hills, (2) the upper and middle Perak region, (3) the Kelantan-Trengganu alluvial plain, (4) the Kedah marginal plain, (5) the west coastal plain, (6) the Melaka-Negrisembilan-Kuala Lipis zone, and (7) the middle and lower Pahang region. The Kelantan-Trengganu marginal hills (I) and the upper and middle Perak region (2) have, besides wet padi, upland padi including that grown by shifting cultivation. The Kelantan~Trengganualluvial plain (3) is a large wet-padi region, while in the Kedah marginal plain (4) padi is grown only in small mountain valleys. In these two regions the plough is very widely used. The traditional farming of the west coastal plain (5) is characteriz"ed by the use of the tajak, or heavy metal blade for land preparation, and d.ouble " "transplanting. The Melaka-Negrisembilan-Kuala Lipis zone (6) is a southern extension of the Kedah marginal plain, made up of a series of small mountain valleys. In this region the changkul, or hoe, is more widely used than the plough. In the middle and lower Pahang region (7), padi fields occupy the small branch-stream valleys of the Pahang river, forming scattered small clusters. The main tools for land preparation are the tajak and the parang, vestiges of the earlier shifting cultivation. The plough is used in the Kelantan-Trengganu alluvial plain (3) and the Kedah marginal plain (4) since soil conditions are suited to plough operation in these fluvial plains. The rest of West Malaysia is dominated by swamp, and here the tajak is most suitable for preparing the land for transplanting, since the soil in the swampy lowland is too loose and full of woody debris for plough operation. In a wider geographical frame, the plough is said to have been introduced from continental Southeast Asia via the series of fluvial plains along the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula southward to the Kelantan-Trengganu plain; the tajak has been extending from the perhumid part of insular Southeast Asia along the swampy western coast of the peninsula northward to the mouth of the Ganges. Genealogically, padi farming with the plough can be regarded as the traditional wet-padi farming originated in the continental part of Asia, whereas padi farming with the tajak is affinitive to shifting cultivation, although today it is true wet-padi farming

Lithium Depletion in the Solid Electrolyte Adjacent to Cathode Materials

Nanocomposites of lithium ion conductors (Li2SiO3 and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3) and electrode materials (TiO2, Li0.01TiO2 and FePO4) were prepared to investigate interfacial structure and ionic conductivity at the interface between solid electrolytes and electrode materials. It was revealed that lithium ions in the solid electrolytes were attracted to the cathode materials with increasing electrode potential, which increases lithium vacancies in solid electrolytes. For the FePO4 containing composites, due to the high electrode potential, lithium transfer across the interface and ionic conduction through the cathode materials was remarkable. The results suggest that severe lithium depletion occurs and interfacial resistance is large at the interface of high ionic conductors and cathode materials.Interfaces and Interphases in Battery Systems - PRiME 2012; Honolulu, HI; United States; 7 October 2012 ～ 12 October 201