A comparative analysis of the practice of the United Kingdom and Malaysia in respect of freedom of expression

International law, particularly treaties on human rights, has great influence on the development of the right to freedom of expression.The application of international treaties is very much depend ant on the constitutions of individual countries and these constitutions to a large extent are dissimilar from one to another.The position in the United Kingdom is relatively unique since the country has no codified written constitution to safeguard the fundamental right to freedom of expression and as a result it was regarded as residual in nature.Nonetheless, the provisions of the international treaties, particularly the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) have altered this position and accordingly freedom of expression has been formally incorporated into the UK law via the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). Meanwhile, the international human rights treaties is considered to have less influence in Malaysia arguably since the country has a written constitution (the Federal Constitution) that contains a specific part on fundamental liberties including the right to freedom of expression

Importance of Locating Strike in 2d Magnetotelluric Data Modeling

2D inversion is still believed as the fastest, cheapest, and most reliable method magnetotelluric data interpretation. Traditionally the magnetotelluric data are collected on 2D profile perpendicularly across an assumed geological strike. However there is no guarantee where the chosen strike is exactly or nearly same as true geoelectrical strike. For this purpose, 2D synthetic magnetotelluric impedance data of a simple 2D model were generated along a profile across the model. The data were inverted on various presumed strike in order to study how far the inverted model is deviated when the presumed strike is moved away to the true strike. By the aim, first the data were inverted as measured on 2D profile perpendicularly across true strike in order to see how the inversion works in the ideal case. Thedata were also inverted as measured on 2D profile perpendicularly across an assumed strike. The presumed strike deviated 60 degrees to the true strike was selected as an example of extreme case. The model inverted from the extreme presumed strike data is compared to the actual one. The inversions on determinant and combined TE and TM modes have been done as well for model resolution comparison

The Different Magnetic Results of Anemi and PPM Measurements on the Buried Remains of a 13th Century Fortress

This study aimed to evaluate the different magnetic results of an electromagnetic induction with proton magnetometer measurements on an archaeological site. The electromagnetic induction allows measuring both the apparent magnetic susceptibility in part per thousand (ppt) and the apparent electrical conductivity in millisiemens (mS/m). A proton magnetometer measures the total magnetic intensity in nanotesla (nT), caused by the induced and remanent magnetisations. An archaeological site where historical documents indicated the presence of a 13th century fortress that built by Lamuri Sultanate was selected as a test area. The measurement were conducted by divided the study area into 10 profiles.Some standard data processing have been applied to the measured data. The result of the first survey with electromagnetic induction showed low magnetic anomalies in the buried remains of Lamuri fortress. The similar value are shown as well by low magnetic field intensity in magnetometer measurement

Kajian Awal Penentuan Daerah Prospek Panas Bumi di Gunung Bur Ni Telong Berdasarkan Analisis Data DEM SRTM dan Citra Landsat 8

Research for a preliminary study of Bur Ni Telong, geothermal area, Bener Meriah district using remote sensing techniques has been done. The aims of the research were to determine the morphological condition based on the fault and fracture (FFD) map from the interpreted digital elevation model (DEM) shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) and to know the vegetation density and surface temperature distribution using Landsat 8 image. The DEM SRTM data were analyzed using the lineament pattern which related to faults and fractures. The vegetation density was calculated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) transformation. The estimated surface temperature was used to locate temperature anomaly. Referring to the geographical map, the dense class area include Silih Nara-Ketol-Peulimbang to Peudada, Juli to Sawang, and Bandar area. The fault and fracture dominantly have directions in East-West and Northwest-Southeast. While based on NDVI map we conclude that the area is covered by dense vegetation, dominated by intermediate to dense of vegetation. The LST map shows the location of maximum surface temperature values are in agreement with residential areas and uncovered areas, as in the areas of Simpang Tiga Redelong and Takengon. Some geothermal manifestations are located in sparse to intermediate vegetation areas with high temperature

Investigation of Shallow Paleochannel in Banda Aceh Based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Pembentukan daratan pesisir sangat dipengaruhi oleh proses sedimentasi dari material hasil rombakan. Proses sedimentasi pada masa lampau dapat dikaji dengan mempelajari sungai purba sebagai media transportasi material. Survey geofisika metode electrical resistivty tomography dilakukan untuk investigasi sungai purba di Ulee Kareng Banda Aceh. Untuk memetakan sedimen dan geometri sungai purba, pengukuran electrical resistivity dilakukan di sepanjang dua lintasan dengan panjang 240 meter dan spasi elektroda 2 meter. Proses inversi model resistivitas 2D telah dilakukan pada masing – masing lintasan data yang terukur. Hasil electrical resistivity tomography mampu membedakan batas – batas antara setiap lapisan sedimen yang terendapkan di lokasi paleochannel. Sedimen paleochannel secara jelas diidentifikasi dari distribusi nilai resistivitas yang lebih tinggi (15.2–31.6 Ω.m). Berdasarkan interpretasi dari metode electrical resistivity tomography area persawahan merupakan lokasi sungai purba pada masa lampau. The formation of coastal area is influenced by sedimentation process. The sedimentation process along the coastal line in the past one can be explained by studying existence of paleochannels located around the area. Deposition of the sediment along the coast is carried by river activities in the past. We have investigated paleochannel structure in Ulee Kareng, Banda Aceh using electrical resistivity tomography survey. The measurements were performed along two profiles with 240 meters and 2 meters spacing between electrodes crossing the paddy. The method measured apparent resistivity data along the profiles. The 2D resistivity models were inverted from the apparent resistivity data using Res2Div program. The inverted models clearly show indication of paleochannel structure based on distribution of resistivity values within the subsurface. The paleochannel area was characterize by high resistivity i.e. 15.2–31.6 Ω.m

Domestic violence court: a new model to combat domestic violence against women in Malaysia

Domestic violence is a social epidemic in Malaysia.To combat this, the Domestic Violence Act 1994 and the Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2012 has set up a mechanism via the Malaysian criminal justice system to investigate reports, prosecute the perpetrators and protect the victims of domestic violence.Unfortunately, the mechanism has been viewed with disfavor by many.This paper attempts to critically appraise the effectiveness of the mechanism and subsequently propose an alternative method to better deal with domestic violence cases.Applying a descriptive and analytical approach in data analysis, the paper concluded that the mechanism currently being implemented in dealing with domestic violence cases is ineffective and ineffectual.Therefore a specialized court (instead of the current criminal court) which deals specifically with domestic violence is suggested