Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Three Types of Plant Formations in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa

Abstract Fruit flies are significant insect pests, worldwide. Tephritid species diversity and their seasonal abundance were investigated over 2 yr (May 2017 to May 2019) in Western Burkina Faso. A mass trapping experiment consisting of 288 Tephri Trap types, operating with four types of parapheromones comprising methyl eugenol, terpinyl acetate, trimedlure, and cue lure and an insecticide (Dichlorvos), was used for attracting and killing insects. Plant formations including natural fallows, mango orchards, and agroforestry parks in each of the six study sites were selected for data collection. Twenty-nine tephritid species belonging to 10 genera were identified. Fourteen fruit fly species were identified for the first time in Burkina Faso. The genera Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera : Tephritidae) and Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae) with, respectively, 14 and 7 species recorded were the most represented. The dominant species caught was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) followed by Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae). The fruit fly population density was very high during the rainy season, with peaks occurring in June or July. The fruit fly species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. The highest diversity was recorded in natural fallows, as compared with the mango orchards and agroforestry parks. Tephritid species found refuge in the mango orchards during the dry and cold periods. The results of that investigation may be used for developing a sustainable pest management strategy for commercial orchards.</jats:p

Estimation of Yield Loss of Jatropha Curcas Due to Aphthona Whitfieldi in Burkina Faso

Abstract In Burkina Faso, the leaf beetle Aphthona whitfieldi is the main insect pest of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas. The beetle affects plant growth and seed yield, but the impact on yield has never been properly quantified. This study was conducted on-station and on-farm in the district of Léo, southern Burkina Faso, in 2015. It aimed at evaluating the yield losses that A. whitfieldi inflicts to J. curcas. The first experiment used 25 caged trees in their first year of fruit production, on which various amounts of beetles were released. When 200 beetles were released, the defoliation level reached 55% and caused 61% of yield loss. Releases of 400 or more beetles caused a defoliation level of at least 74% and seed losses of 98%. On-farm observations were made on attack levels and seed yields in three different types of plantations, i.e. pure plantations, plantations intercropped with food crops and hedges. These observations showed that defoliation levels over 50% were common in the three types of plantations, resulting in very low yields. This study shows the importance of beetle damage in the cultivation of J. curcas. This is likely one of the reasons for the very low yields, which, among other causes, led to the abandonment of J. curcas plantations in the region.</jats:p

Efficacité biologique des extraits du basilic dans l’attractivité des mouches de fruits responsables des dégâts sur la mangue au Burkina Faso: Attractivité des extraits de plantes vis-à-vis des mouches de fruits

Mango production in Burkina Faso is confronted in recent years with fruit fly attacks, which are responsible for enormous damage. The objective of this study is to contribute to fruit fly management through the development of control tools accessible to mango growers. To this end, the effectiveness of three extracts formulated from basilic (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the attractiveness of fruit flies were tested in mango orchards located in the province of Kénédougou. The experimental design includes 10 treatments in four replicates. The treatments were three doses of each extract (crushed fresh leaves, leaf powder and essential oil) and the methyl eugenol served as reference control. The high dose of essential oil proved to be more effective in the attractiveness of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (187.25 ± 252.38 adults/trap/week) and showed the highest persistence (27.7 ± 3.5 days). Regarding the species Cosyra cosyra Walker the high dose of crushed fresh leaves was more effective in its attractiveness (34.39 ± 54.63 adults/trap/week). Further experimentation is necessary to determine the optimal doses of attractiveness of the extracts that proved their efficacy during the current study.La mangue occupe la première place parmi les cultures fruitières au Burkina Faso. Sa production est confrontée ces dernières années aux attaques des mouches de fruits qui entrainent d’importantes pertes de rendement. Cette étude a pour objectif de contribuer à réduire l’incidence des mouches de fruits à travers la mise au point d’outils de lutte accessibles aux producteurs. A cet effet, l’attractivité de trois extraits du basilic (Ocimum basilicum L.) vis-à-vis des mouches de fruits a été testée dans des vergers de manguierssitués dans la province du Kénédougou. Dans chaque verger, le dispositif expérimental était constitué de10 traitements en quatre répétitions. Les traitements étaient constitués de trois doses de chaque extrait (broyat, poudre et huile essentielle) et du méthyl eugénol utilisé comme témoin de référence. La dose forte de l’huile essentielle s’est révélée plus attractive vis-à-vis de Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (187,25±252,38 adultes/piège/semaine) et a présenté la plus longue durée d’action (27,7±3,5 jours) tandis que la dose forte du broyat a été plus efficace dans l’attractivité de l’espèce Ceratitis cosyra Walker (34,39±54,63 adultes/piège/semaine). Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les doses optimales d’attractivité des extraits qui se sont révélés efficaces au cours de cette étude

Host range and species diversity of Tephritidae of three plant formations in Western Burkina Faso

AbstractIn Western Burkina Faso, the host range of fruit flies was evaluated in three plant formations between May 2017 and April 2019. Samples of 61 potential hosts were collected and incubated for fruit fly emergence. Twenty-seven hosts including cultivated and wild fruit were identified. Among cultivated fruit species, mango, and guava were the most infested while high infestation incidences were observed in the fruit of the indigenous plants Vitellaria paradoxa, Annona senegalensis, Sarcocephalus latifolius, and Saba senegalensis. Low infestation rates were observed in Anacardium occidentale, Citrus species, Opilia celtidifolia, and Cissus populnea. The highest infestation index (1648.57 flies kg−1) was observed from V. paradoxa. Eleven new host fruit infested with many fruit fly species are reported in Burkina Faso. A total of 18 fruit fly species were reared; Bactrocera dorsalis (42.94%), Ceratitis cosyra (29.93%), and Ceratitis silvestrii (22.33%) dominated those that emerged. Four fruit fly species have been detected for the first time in Burkina Faso. The main suitable fruit hosts are abundant and available from May through August during the rainy season and become rare and have low infestation from November to April during the dry season. This is the first study of its kind in the region. This study shows that the three plant formations had an impact on population dynamics of the three tephritid species of economic importance in Western Burkina Faso. This information should be integrated into the development of a fruit fly pests management strategy.</jats:p

Host range and species diversity of Tephritidae of three plant formations in Western Burkina Faso

In Western Burkina Faso, the host range of fruit flies was evaluated in three plant formations between May 2017 and April 2019. Samples of 61 potential hosts were collected and incubated for fruit fly emergence. Twenty-seven hosts including cultivated and wild fruit were identified. Among cultivated fruit species, mango, and guava were the most infested while high infestation incidences were observed in the fruit of the indigenous plants Vitellaria paradoxa, Annona senegalensis, Sarcocephalus latifolius, and Saba senegalensis. Low infestation rates were observed in Anacardium occidentale, Citrus species, Opilia celtidifolia, and Cissus populnea. The highest infestation index (1648.57 flies kg−1) was observed from V. paradoxa. Eleven new host fruit infested with many fruit fly species are reported in Burkina Faso. A total of 18 fruit fly species were reared; Bactrocera dorsalis (42.94%), Ceratitis cosyra (29.93%), and Ceratitis silvestrii (22.33%) dominated those that emerged. Four fruit fly species have been detected for the first time in Burkina Faso. The main suitable fruit hosts are abundant and available from May through August during the rainy season and become rare and have low infestation from November to April during the dry season. This is the first study of its kind in the region. This study shows that the three plant formations had an impact on population dynamics of the three tephritid species of economic importance in Western Burkina Faso. This information should be integrated into the development of a fruit fly pests management strategy

Native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with fruit‐infesting flies in three plant formations and prospects for biological control in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa

International audience1. In Western Burkina Faso, fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) cause economic impacts.Damage on a mango can reach 100% in late varieties, and on shea fruits, the averageattack rate is 66.5%. Parasitoids offer natural biocontrol services, but the potential forthis in Burkina Faso remains unknown. 2. We performed a survey (2017–2019) in three plant formations (natural fallows n=6; agroforestry parks n=6 and mango orchards n=6) to determine the levels of parasitism of tephritid fruit fly pests. For this purpose, fruits from cultivated and wildfruit fly host plant species were sampled in these plant formations and incubated forinsects’ emergence. 3. In total, 1822 adults belonging to 7 parasitoid species were found. Fopius caudatus (Szépligeti) and Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) with 51.47% and 30.60% of the total of parasitoid adults emerged, respectively, were the most predominant. Parasitismrate varied according to host fruit species. Pupae recorded from Sarcocephalus latifolius and Vitellaria paradoxa were most parasitized (27.22%±3.96%) and (17.08%±2.37%), respectively, while those obtained from mangoes were the lessparasitized (3.73%±0.91%). 4. Mass rearing of F. caudatus and P. concolor, as well as habitat management, will contribute to the promotion of both, augmentation and conservation biological control