Doctor or drug dealer? International legal provisions for the legitimate handling of drugs of abuse

© The Author(s) 2020. The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in: Gallagher, C. T., Atik, S. K., Isse, L., & Mann, S. K. (2020). Doctor or drug dealer? International legal provisions for the legitimate handling of drugs of abuse. Drug Science, Policy and Law. by Sage Publications Ltd. All rights reserved. It is available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900070In this paper, we compare how five jurisdictions (the USA; UK; Canada; New Zealand; and Australia) balance the disparate objectives of preventing the misuse of drugs to the detriment of society and allowing their legal for societally-beneficial purposes. The statutory law underpinning each country’s method of categorising drugs depict distinctive outlooks from the different jurisdictions, as each works towards these same goals. In examining how each country’s legislation deals with controlled substances, initial consideration will be given to whether drugs are categorised once only, or twice: once for dealing with their criminal misuse; and again for ensuring their safe medicinal use. In effectively dealing with criminal activities associated with drugs of abuse, Australia’s system of imposing penalties based on the quantity of a drug possessed, rather than on its grouping with other drugs of a broadly similar type offers the most flexibility. In terms of managing the legitimate use of such drugs, however, it is perhaps the least flexible of the four jurisdictions operating parallel systems of categorisation. The greatest level of flexibility is offered by Canada and the UK, which have functionally very similar protocols in this respect.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Pelko pois! : Kokemuksia yksin maahan tulleiden afganistanilaispoikien kotouttavasta kulttuuri-toiminnasta

Opinnäytetyön tilaajana toimi A-Klinikkasäätiö ja kohderyhmänä tilaajan ylläpitämän pääkaupunkiseudun tukiasumisyksikön asukkaat. Tukiasumisyksikössä asuvat alaikäiset, ilman vanhempia maahan tulleet afganistanilaiset pojat.Yksin maahan tulleilla pojat elävät kahden kulttuurin välissä, jatkuvassa huolessa, toisaalta omasta perheestään kotimaassaan, toisaalta omasta tulevaisuudestaan Suomessa. Poikien arki on pysähtynyttä ja jatkuvaa viranomaisten kanssa asioimista. Poliisin kanssa asioiminen on pojista arveluttavaa, sillä kotimaassaan ja paperittomana pakolaisena heillä on vain huonoja kokemuksia virkavallasta. Ystäviä ei välttämättä juuri ole. Näimme tarpeen poikien arjessa kotouttavalle kulttuuritoiminnalle. Järjestimme Kulttuurikeskus Caisassa afganistanilaisen ruoan ja musiikin illan, johon kutsuttiin afganistanilaisia alaikäisiä turvapaikanhakijoita yhteensä kymmenestä eri vastaanottokeskuksesta. Ohjaajien lisäksi tapahtuma tavoitti lähemmäs 200 henkilöä. Lisäksi järjestimme tilaajamme nuorille luontoretken Vallisaareen ja Suomenlinnaan, jossa he pääsivät tutustumaan Suomen luontoon ja vanhoihin elämäntapoihin kuvakorttibingon avulla. Retkelle osallistui 15 nuorta. Menetelmänä tässä opinnäytetyössä on käytetty kokeilevaa toimintaa ja osallistuvaa havainnointia. Toiminnan onnistumista on analysoitu havainnoinnin lisäksi haastattelemalla. Tapahtumista on tuotettu video ja kuvamateriaalia tilaajan käytettäväksi. Toimintakokeilumme osoittivat, että pojat nauttivat hauskan pidosta yhdessä muiden samaa tilanteessa elävien nuorten kanssa. He saivat uutta tietoa niin afganistanilaisista Suomessa, kuin poliisin toiminnastakin. Lisäksi ohjaajat kokivat nuorten kanssa tekemisen virkistävänä vaihteluna arkeen tukiasumisyksikössä. Luontoretkellä havainnoimme poikia ja heidän suhtautumistaan luontoon ja erityisesti mereen. Pojat oppivat lyhyiden lauttamatkojenkin aikana saamaan lisää luottamusta merimatkailua kohtaan. Vallisaaressa ja Suomenlinnassa pojat tekivät havaintoja Suomen ja Afganistanin luonnon välillä sekä opettelivat suomenkielistä sanastoa. Työn on ajankohtainen sekä kulttuurituotannolle että kansalais- ja järjestötyölle, sillä Suomeen on vuosien 2015-16 aikana tullut aiempaa enemmän alaikäisiä turvapaikanhakijoita. On tärkeää tiedostaa tämän kasvavan vähemmistön olemassa olo Suomessa niin nuorisotyöntekijänä kuin kulttuurituotta-janakin. Erityisesti alaikäisille turvapaikanhakijoille järjestettävää kulttuuritoimintaa tulisi lisätä. Opinnäytetyöstä on hyötyä vastaanottokeskusten ja tukiasumisyksiköiden uusille työntekijöille ja asukkaille. Työ kannustaa tapahtumakokeiluihin monikulttuurisessa ympäristössä.The subscriber of this thesis was A-Klinikkasäätiö. A-Klinikkasäätiö arranges living quarters for a group of unaccompanied refugee minors in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. These boys live between two cultures. On one hand they worry about their families back in Afganistan, on the other hand they have already stated planning their stay in Finland. These boys live a slow phased life filled with official meetings with the immigration office officials. The boys are especially afraid of the police due to their history of being abused by the local police in their home country and by being undocumented after leaving Afganistan. They don’t necessarily have a lot of friends either. Here we saw a need for intergrating cultural activities. We organized an event for Afgan food and music in the cultural center Caisa. Approximately 200 underage refugee Afgans and their instructors were invited. We also organized an event for our subrscibers group of boys an opportunity to experience Finnish nature and sea side of Vallisaari and Suomenlinna. During this event the boys were able to learn about the Finnish nature and some vocabulary with a wildlife bingo. This event had 15 participants. The method of this thesis was experimental activities. We collected our data by observing and participating in the events. We have also interviewed the underage refugee boys about their experience. A video has been produced for the use of our subriber to enjoy and observe. We discovered that indeed the boys enjoy having fun together with other people in the same situation as them. They got information about their opportunities in Finland and had the chance to meet with police officers who weren’t aggressive or scary to them. The intructors of A-Klinikkasäätiö felt that the events were a nice change to their daily life and enjoyed spending time with the boys in a different environment all together. In Vallisaari and Suomenlinna we observed that the boys got a more relaxed idea of the sea and travelling by boat and learned new vocabulary of the nature. They also made observations by themselves about the differences of the Afgan and Finnish wildlife. This thesis is relevant to today’s youth workers and cultural producers because more unaccompanied refugee minors have arrived in Finland between the years 2015 and 2016 than ever before. It is important that this minority group gets recognized. Cultural activitied targeted especially for refugee minors should be endorsed and produced. This thesis will benefit those working with refugee minors, especially the new employees as well as producers and youth workers entering the field

Jet-fluid string formation and decay in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

We propose a new hadronization mechanism, jet-fluid string (JFS) formation and decay, to understand observables in intermediate to high-$p_{T}$ regions comprehensively. In the JFS model, hard partons produced in jet lose their energy in traversing the QGP fluid, which is described by fully three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. When a jet parton escapes from the QGP fluid, it picks up a partner parton from a fluid and forms a color singlet string, then it decays to hadrons. We find that high-$p_T$ $v_2$ values in JFS are about two times larger than in the independent fragmentation model.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; Proceeding for poster sessions at Quark Matter 2006, Shanghai, China, 14-20 November 2006; to appear in Int. J. of Mod. Phys.

Search for a Ridge Structure Origin with Shower Broadening and Jet Quenching

We investigate the role of jet and shower parton broadening by the strong colour field in the $\Delta\eta$-$\Delta\phi$ correlation of high $p_T$ particles. When anisotropic momentum broadening ($\Delta p_z > \Delta p_T$) is given to jet and shower partons in the initial stage, a ridge-like structure is found to appear in the two hadron correlation. The ratio of the peak to the pedestal yield is overestimated.Comment: Talk given at 20th Int. Conf. on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Jaipur, India, Feb.4-10, 200

Cu(i) and Ag(i) complex formation with the hydrophilic phosphine 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphadamantane in different ionic media. How to estimate the effect of a complexing medium

The complexes of Cu(i) and Ag(i) with 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphadamantane (PTA) are currently studied for their potential clinical use as anticancer agents, given the cytotoxicity they exhibited in vitro towards a panel of several human tumor cell lines. These metallodrugs are prepared in the form of [M(PTA)4]+ (M = Cu+, Ag+) compounds and dissolved in physiological solution for their administration. However, the nature of the species involved in the cytotoxic activity of the compounds is often unknown. In the present work, the thermodynamics of formation of the complexes of Cu(i) and Ag(i) with PTA in aqueous solution is investigated by means of potentiometric, spectrophotometric and microcalorimetric methods. The results show that both metal(i) ions form up to four successive complexes with PTA. The formation of Ag(i) complexes is studied at 298.15 K in 0.1 M NaNO3 whereas the formation of the Cu(i) one is studied in 1 M NaCl, where Cu(i) is stabilized by the formation of three successive chloro-complexes. Therefore, for this latter system, conditional stability constants and thermodynamic data are obtained. To estimate the affinity of Cu(i) for PTA in the absence of chloride, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been done to obtain the stoichiometry and the relative stability of the possible Cu/PTA/Cl species. Results indicate that one chloride ion is involved in the formation of the first two complexes of Cu(i) ([CuCl(PTA)] and [CuCl(PTA)2]) whereas it is absent in the successive ones ([Cu(PTA)3]+ and [Cu(PTA)4]+). The combination of DFT results and thermodynamic experimental data has been used to estimate the stability constants of the four [Cu(PTA)n]+ (n = 1-4) complexes in an ideal non-complexing medium. The calculated stability constants are higher than the corresponding conditional values and show that PTA prefers Cu(i) to the Ag(i) ion. The approach used here to estimate the hidden role of chloride on the conditional stability constants of Cu(i) complexes may be applied to any Cu(i)/ligand system, provided that the stoichiometry of the species in NaCl solution is known. The speciation for the two systems shows that the [M(PTA)4]+ (M = Cu+, Ag+) complexes present in the metallodrugs are dissociated into lower stoichiometry species when diluted to the micromolar concentration range, typical of the in vitro biological testing. Accordingly, [Cu(PTA)2]+, [Cu(PTA)3]+ and [Ag(PTA)2]+ are predicted to be the species actually involved in the cytotoxic activity of these compounds. \ua9 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Re-Hardening of Hadron Transverse Mass Spectra in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

We analyze the spectra of pions and protons in heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies from 2 A GeV to 65+65 A GeV by using a jet-implemented hadron-string cascade model. In this energy region, hadron transverse mass spectra first show softening until SPS energies, and re-hardening may emerge at RHIC energies. Since hadronic matter is expected to show only softening at higher energy densities, this re-hardening of spectra can be interpreted as a good signature of the quark-gluon plasma formation.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Poster presentation at QM2001, Revised to correct latex error in citation on April 6, 200

戦後日本の津田左右吉を再考する : 「誤解」、そして『記紀』の史実

In his later years, Tsuda Sōkichi (1873–1961) confronted his readers’ “misunderstanding” of his work on the Kojiki and the Nihon shoki (the Kiki), which had concerned him since before the war. After the war, his Kiki studies were newly recognized as “historical science.” Tsuda denounced the postwar appropriation and misinterpretation of his work, as he became renowned as a “denier of historical facts and of the earliest emperors.” This was far from what he intended, however. He was always reluctant to deal head-on with the issue of the historical existence of the early emperors. Postwar scholars formed a collective perception of Tsuda as a “denier,” and overlooked his important remark regarding the notion of “historical facts.” He loathed the postwar tendency to label him a Marxist, and he criticized new interpretations of the Kiki. Postwar scholars relied upon the “imagined Tsuda” and upon archaeological discoveries too to reconstruct a new national history minus its imperial tradition. Postwar scholars, who regarded Tsuda as a Marxist, were taken aback by his declaration of “love” for the imperial family, and struggled to understand his work in its entirety. As a result, they were guilty of oversimplifying his achievements

IOT Devices in Healthcare: Vulnerabilities, Threats and Mitigations

Internet of things has been a dream for many people in the beginning of the internet, today IOT devices are in every sector, healthcare being a major player because of the benefits as quality care for patients and easing the work for providers but on the other hand, it poses security threats to the patients and organizations, it is imperative to point out the best way to balance between the risks and opportunities that IOT creates for the sector; in this research, vulnerabilities and prior studies as well as ways to fix these weaknesses will be presented, it is also worth noting that due to the length of IOT vulnerabilities, the common ones will be discussed