The Landlab v1.0 OverlandFlow component: a Python tool for computing shallow-water flow across watersheds

Representation of flowing water in landscape evolution models (LEMs) is often simplified compared to hydrodynamic models, as LEMs make assumptions reducing physical complexity in favor of computational efficiency. The Landlab modeling framework can be used to bridge the divide between complex runoff models and more traditional LEMs, creating a new type of framework not commonly used in the geomorphology or hydrology communities. Landlab is a Python-language library that includes tools and process components that can be used to create models of Earth-surface dynamics over a range of temporal and spatial scales. The Landlab OverlandFlow component is based on a simplified inertial approximation of the shallow water equations, following the solution of de Almeida et al. (2012). This explicit two-dimensional hydrodynamic algorithm simulates a flood wave across a model domain, where water discharge and flow depth are calculated at all locations within a structured (raster) grid. Here we illustrate how the OverlandFlow component contained within Landlab can be applied as a simplified event-based runoff model and how to couple the runoff model with an incision model operating on decadal timescales. Examples of flow routing on both real and synthetic landscapes are shown. Hydrographs from a single storm at multiple locations in the Spring Creek watershed, Colorado, USA, are illustrated, along with a map of shear stress applied on the land surface by flowing water. The OverlandFlow component can also be coupled with the Landlab DetachmentLtdErosion component to illustrate how the nonsteady flow routing regime impacts incision across a watershed. The hydrograph and incision results are compared to simulations driven by steady-state runoff. Results from the coupled runoff and incision model indicate that runoff dynamics can impact landscape relief and channel concavity, suggesting that on landscape evolution timescales, the OverlandFlow model may lead to differences in simulated topography in comparison with traditional methods. The exploratory test cases described within demonstrate how the OverlandFlow component can be used in both hydrologic and geomorphic applications

Forms of falsified online reviews:The good, the bad, and the downright ugly

Purpose – Falsified online reviews (FORs) are the published/viewable consumer-generated online content regarding a firm (or its representatives) or its services and goods that is, to some degree, untruthful or falsified. In this study, the authors first explore the nature of FORs, focusing on reviewers’ interpretations and reflections on falsity, intent, anonymity and the target of their FOR. Secondly, the authors examine the valence and veracity dimensions of FORs and introduce a typology to differentiate their variations.Design/methodology/approach – Using an exploratory research design, 48 interviews were conducted with participants who post online reviews on social media about their experiences in the hospitality industry.Findings – The results show four common forms of FORs on social media. These are reviews focused on equity equalizing, friendly flattery, opinionated opportunism and malicious profiteering.Research limitations/implications – The authors provide exploratory and in-depth information via interviews, but do not analyse the content of FORs.Practical implications – Firms should be aware of varieties of FORs and that these may not be limited to malicious content. This is important in terms of showing that in dealing with FORs, a one-size-fits-all approach will not work. FORs are not always entirely fabricated, and instead various levels of falseness are observed, ranging from slight alterations to complete fabrications.Originality/value – Previous research explored how to identify and differentiate FORs from truthful ones, focusing on the reviews or how they are perceived by readers. However, comparatively little is known of the reviewers of FORs. Hence, this study focuses on reviewers and offers new insights into the nature of FORs by identifying and examining the main forms of FORs on social media

MODIFICATION OF TURC METHOD TO DETERMINE THE WATER YIELDS OF SUB-BASINS IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY

In this research, directly measured flow values in three different basins in Thrace region, that is located in the Northwest Part of Turkey, were compared to the computed ones applying the Turc method to these basins. It is concluded that Turc method with original coefficients, 300 and 0.9, could not be used because of huge discrepancies between the measured and calculated values. Instead, coefficients of 601 and 0.65, respectively, were used after the correction using long term measured flow rates. Employing the modified Turc method for these research basins, reservoirs volume are reduced by 50.7 %. This may decrease the total cost of the reservoirs by about 20-30 % through reducing occupied surface area, embankment and crest height

The asymmetric temporal rhythms of anti-consumption

This research draws upon qualitative data to empirically examine a theorisation of the temporal dimensions of social practices, and how anti-consumption destabilises and is destabilised by five dimensions: duration, tempo, sequence, synchronisation, and periodicity. Our analytical facets highlight the emergence of what we term dissonant intervals, that is, temporal glitches that manifest in these temporal dimensions of social practices that are unsettled by anti-consumption. Where the social coordination of temporalities becomes challenging or even impossible due to the accrual of these dissonant intervals, this generates a micro-level asymmetric (that is, uneven, unsettled) socio-temporal rhythm in daily life. We contribute the novel concepts of dissonant interval and asymmetric socio-temporal rhythm to sociological research on the temporalities of social practices. The significance of these concepts lies in their expansion of existing temporality vocabularies and imaginaries, their generative potential for future research and their implications for the promotion of environmentally sustainable practices

The asymmetric temporal rhythms of anti-consumption

This research draws upon qualitative data to empirically examine a theorisation of the temporal dimensions of social practices, and how anti-consumption destabilises and is destabilised by five dimensions: duration, tempo, sequence, synchronisation, and periodicity. Our analytical facets highlight the emergence of what we term dissonant intervals, that is, temporal glitches that manifest in these temporal dimensions of social practices that are unsettled by anti-consumption. Where the social coordination of temporalities becomes challenging or even impossible due to the accrual of these dissonant intervals, this generates a micro-level asymmetric (that is, uneven, unsettled) socio-temporal rhythm in daily life. We contribute the novel concepts of dissonant interval and asymmetric socio-temporal rhythm to sociological research on the temporalities of social practices. The significance of these concepts lies in their expansion of existing temporality vocabularies and imaginaries, their generative potential for future research and their implications for the promotion of environmentally sustainable practices