'DIRTY POLITICS' AND THE FAILURE OF DEMOCRATIC PROMISE: CITIZENS' ALIENATION FROM POLITICS IN SERBIA

When a society is under going profound social, political, and cultural change, its collective identities are being redefined, the political community reconceived, new rules of the political game established and routinized. In such periods the status ofthe political sphere, professional politicians and political institutions is of utmost importance. This includes not just the objective role and place of politics in social life but also the prestige and reputation of political actors: how do rank-and-filecitizens view them, how much are they esteemed? It is the job of politicians to govern the country and make decisions affecting everybody. These decisions areoften difficult and painful, and not all citizens approve of them at all times. Forthese reasons, professional politicians must maintain a two fold relationship towards their social base: to represent it as best they can, but also to be able to resist the passions of majority when the common interest and political wisdom so require. If governmental decisions, including unpopular ones, are to be acknowledged and implemented, politicians must enjoy some genuine authority in the eyes of citizenry.This holds regardless of the fact that active democratic citizenship and civil society always presume healthy criticism of those in power

Evaluation of growth and histology of liver and intestine in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) fed extruded diets with or without fish meal

Growth and histology of intestine and liver of carp fed diets with or devoid of fish meal (FM) was studied. Carp were fed four experimental diets formulated to contain 38% protein for 90 days. FM was incorporated at 30% in feed A, 15% in feed B and C, and was completely replaced with a mixture of plant proteins in feed D. Feed C and D were supplemented with methionine and lysine. The results showed that carp fed feed D had the lowest weight gain, length and\ud height compared to the other three diets, whereas no differences were observed between A, B and C for the measured morphometric parameters. Inclusion of methionine and lysine tended to improve SGR of carp fed feed C compared to those fed feed B, but growth rate was lower than carp fed feed A. FCR differed for nearly 90 % between the FM rich and solely plant protein diet. No major pathological changes were recorded. At the end of the study\ud shortening of intestinal folds’ length was found for all groups, except for fish fed feed D. The height of enterocytes was significantly lower for carp fed diet D compared to other diets. According to the results obtained the best diet is feed A, but feed C with 15% FM and added methionine and lysine represents an acceptable replacement due to its lower price and effect on growth that are the most similar to feed A

Akvakultura i ribarstvo u Srbiji – stanje i potencijal

Akvakultura u Srbiji se najvećim delom realizuje u objektima akvakulture: pastrmskim i šaranskim ribnjacima. Ukupna površina pod šaranskim ribnjacima je oko 14 000 hektara, od čega je oko 20% van funkcije. Pod pastrmskim ribnjacima je oko 14 hektara od čega je oko 15 % van funkcije. U šaranskim ribnjacima se proizvodi šaran, beli i sivi tolstolobik, beli amur i grabljivice: som i smuđ. U pastrmskim ribnjacima se proizvodi kalifornijska (dužičasta) pastrmka. Na malom broju ribnjaka se proizvodi mlađ toplovodnih (deverika, linjak, zlatni karaš, šaran divljak) i hladnovodnih vrsta riba (potočna pastrmka, mladica, lipljan) za poribljavanje tekućih i stajaćih vodenih ekosistema. Ukupna proizvodnja u poslednjih dve godine se kreće u količini od oko 15 000 tona, od čega oko 2 000 tona kalifornijske pastrmke (od čega konzumne pastrmke oko 75%), i oko 13 000 tona toplovodnih vrsta riba (oko 11 000 tona šarana i oko 2 000 tona pratećih vrsta riba), od čega 70 do 75% konzumne ribe. Svi vodeni ekosistemi u Srbiji, sem objekata akvakulture (pastrmskih i šaranskih ribnjaka) i hidroakumulacija čije su prioritetne namene vodosnabdevanja se svrstavaju u ribolovne vode. Ukupna dužina svih potoka i reka je 65 980 km. Broj vrsta riba koje naseljavaju vodene ekosisteme u Srbiji je 89, svrstanih u 57 rodova i 20 familija. Od košljoriba koje naseljavaju vode u Srbiji 52 vrste se love rekreativnim i privrednim ribolovom. Privrednim ribolovom se bavi oko 260 privrednih ribara. Prosečan privredni ribar obavi oko 200 ribolovnih izlazaka na vodu u toku godine. Broj rekreativnih ribolovaca se u poslednjih desetak godina kreće od 58 000 (2001) do preko 100 000 (2002. godine). Prosečan rekreativni ribolovac godišnje obavi oko 50 ribolovnih izlazaka na vodu. Prema podacima RZS izlov iz reka u Srbiji je poslednjih godina između 2 000 i 3 000 tona. Potencijal razvoja akvakulture je baziran na mogućnostima unapređenja proizvodnje na postojećim ribnjacima, povećanju proizvodnih ribnjačkih površina, proizvodnji hrane za ribe, prerađivačkim kapacitetima za koje Srbija poseduje sirovine i potencijal za plasman preradjevina od ribe na tržište zemalja EU i drugih država. Potencial ribolova se može podeliti na onaj koji pružaju brdsko planinske tekućice i potencijal koji pružaju ravničarske reke. Potencijal brdsko planinskih tekućica baziran je na rekreativnom ribolovu, odnosno ribolovnom turizmu koji bi se razvio kao posledica želje da se dođe baš na izabrano područje. U cilju stvaranja atraktivnih ponuda, stvoren je osnov da se u narednom periodu poribljavanje obavlja sa mlađi čiji su roditelji iz istog toka, čime je stvoren preduslov za očuvanje autohtonih genotipova. Potencijal ravničarskih reka je znatno veći. Baziran je na rekreativnom i privrednom ribolovu. Potencijal koji pruža rekreativni ribolov je zasnovan na činjenici da je grad sa najvećim brojem stanovnika u Srbiji – Beograd, upravo lociran na obalama dve velike reke: Dunavu i Savi, ali i na činjenici da su gradovi Novi Sad, Šabac, Smederevo... locirani na obalama velikih reka, što svakako ukazuje na činjenicu da bi broj rekreativnih ribolovaca mogao biti višestruko veći. Veoma značajan potencijal je i u privrednom ribolovu koji bi uz unapređenje politike poribljavanja, gazdovanja i izlova ribe, ali i statusa privrednih ribara mogao predstavljati egzistenciju znatno većeg broja ljudi od sadašnjih

Efekat stresa na regeneraciju nefrona šarana gajenog u poluintenzivnom sistemu

Regenerišući nefroni (RN) u bubregu se često koriste kao indikator zdravstvenog stanja riba. U ovom radu je evaluiran efekat stresa koji šarani doživljavaju na početku sezone gajenja na bubrege koristeći broj RN. Ribe su hranjene različitim tipovima dodate hrane i gajene tokom dve sezone u vodi različitog kvaliteta, ali nijedan od ovih faktora nije uticao na pojavu RN. Međutim, ukoliko se prati vremenski tok sezone gajenja, broj RN se smanjuje. Njihov broj je najviši u maju i junu, dok na kraju sezone gajenja uopšte nisu bili prisutni u bubregu riba

Šaranska proizvodnja – u funkciji razvoja (poljo)privrede u Srbiji

Šaranska proizvodnja u svetu poslednjih 60 godina ima trend rasta. U prvoj deceniji 21. veka kreće se između 2,8 i 3,4 miliona tona. Proizvodnja u Srbiji se u poslednjoj decenije kretala od 5 500 tona do preko 12 000 tona (mađi i konzuma). Sa proizvodnjom konzumnog šarana od blizu 1,3 kg (Marković et al. 2012) Srbija zauzima treću poziciju u proizvodnji šarana po glavi stanovnika u svetu, iza Češke Republike i Kine, odnosno na nivou Myanmara (Varadi 2010). Proizvodnja šarana sa pratećim vrstama (belim i sivim tolstolobikom, belim amurom i grabljivicama: somom, smuđom i štukom) se obavlja na oko 11 000 hektara, od ukupne površine od 14 000 hektara. Broj šaranskih ribnjaka je oko 85, od kojih 25 ribnjaka čine 85% ukupnih površina koje su u eksploataciji. Proizvodnja se obavlja u poluintenzivnom sistemu (preko 95% ukupno porizvedenog šarana), zasnovanom na kombinaciji prirodne i dodatne hrane: žitarica i koncentovane hrane (ekstrudirane i peletirane). Nivo proizvodnje poslednjih 3 godine je dvostruko veći od proizvodnje od pre deset godina. Povećanje proizvodnje je najpre usledilo sa privatizacijom ribnjaka (2003. godine) i unapređenjem upravljanja ribnjacima, a potom, od 2005. godine sve češćom zamenom žitarica sa kompletnom – pre svega ekstrudiranom hranom. Iako akvakultura u Srbiji, sa apsolutnom dominacijom proizvodnje šarana u njoj, danas predstavlja mali segment srpske (poljo)privrede, gde u prodaji i otkupu proizvoda poljoprivrede, šumarstva i akvakulture promet ribom u poslednjoj deceniji čini svega 1 – 1,5% (podaci RZS) potencijal za znatno veći doprinos šaranske proizvodnje u razvoju srpske (poljo)privrede je jako veliki. Resursi kojima Srbija raspolaže u šaranskoj proizvodnji su: -Tradicija duža od 100 godina u proizvodnji, a a što podrazumeva nasleđivanje ribarskog zanata radnika kroz generacije zaposlenih na ribnjacima. -Proizvodne površine (oko 3 000 ha) koji su van funkcije, a čijom rekonstrukcijom bi se proizovodnja šarana mogla povećati za preko 25% (3 000 tona). -Više desetina hiljada hektara (po nekim procenama i preko 100 000 ha) zaslanjenih, zamočvarenih, pašnjačkih i drugih površina slabe plodnosti koje se ne koriste za druge namene, na kojima bi se mogle izgraditi nove površine pod šaranskim ribnjacima, a čija bi se plodnost značajno unapredila nakon 2 do 3 decenija ribnjačkog korišćanja. - Raspoloživa građevinska operativa i ljudska radna snaga za izgradnju, a potom za rad na ribnjaku i njegovo održavanje. - Postojanje domaćih sirovina, prerađivačkih kapaciteta (nekoliko puta većih od trenutno korišćenih) za proizvodnju ekstrudirane hrane za šarana, kao i resursa za unapređivanje kvaliteta hrane za ribe, čime bi sadašnji izvoz žitarica mogao biti delom zamenjen hranom za ribe ili samom ribom. - Mogućnost proizvodnje daleko veće količine kvalitetne mlađi (larvi) šarana od sadašnje. - Šaranski ribnjak predstavlja stanište ugroženih i retkih vrsta ptica i sisara, kao i resurs za: proizvodnju zooplanktona, gajenje ukrasnih i korisnih vodenih biljaka, lov, ribolov, ispašu ovaca i goveda, ugostiteljstvo i turizam... - Ribnjak baziran na iskorišćavanju prirodne produkcije (zooplanktona i faune dna), predstavlja racionalni oblik korišćenja obnovljivih prirodnih resursa u procesu proizvodnje usklađene sa dobrobiti životinja, a čime se stvara ekološki „bio”ili „eko”proizvod - šaran, visoke hranljive vrednosti. - Šaran je pogodan za unapređenje kvaliteta mesa, sa mogućnošću povećanja nivoa proteina, smanjenja nivoa masti, unapređenja kvaliteta masti u smislu povećanja sadržaja omega 3 masnih kiselina i poboljšavanja odnosa omega 3 i omega 6 masnih kiselina. - Šaran se tradicionalno koristi u ishrani stanovništva u Srbiji, ali i više evorpskih zemalja. Da bi se navedeni resursi aktivirali neophodno je: - Informisanje političara i ekonomista o značaju šaranskih ribnjaka za poboljšanje kvaliteta zemljišta slabe plodnosti i njihovog korišćenja za unapređenje kvaliteta zahvaćenih voda. - Podsticanje relevantnih institucija za uvođenje stimulativnih i podsticajnih mera za izgradnju ribnjaka, gajenje šarana, njegovu preradu i konzumiranje. - Izrada strategije razvoja ribarstva (akvakulture) za duži vremenski period. -Stalno jačanje istraživačkih resursa (materijalnih i ljudskih) i podsticanje istraživačkih programa sa ciljem unapređivanja proizvodnje i kvaliteta ribljeg mesa. - Podsticanje proizvodnje i izvoza ekstrudirane hrane za ribe, ribe i proizvoda od ribe (šarana) umesto sadašnjeg izvoza žitarica. - Promovisanje značaja šaranskih ribnjaka kao staništa brojnih zaštićenih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. - Stalno unapređenje saradnje i stvaranje mreža između naučnih institucija i proizvođača šarana u zemlji i sa drugim institucijama u Evropi i svetu. -Promocija šaranskih ribnjaka kao zanimljivih destinacija za odmor od svakodnevnog stresnog života savremenog čoveka nastanjenog u gradovima i rekreaciju (veslanje, ribolov, lov, šetnju, posmatranje ptica...) usklađenu sa prirodnim okruženjem. - Stvaranje atraktivnih prehrambenih artikala, što bližih tanjiru (kroz jačanje preradjivačke industrije), uz isticanje nutritivnih vrednosti šarana. - Unapređenje načina plasmana riba, umesto živog šarana ponuda čitavog spektra primamljivih polupreradjevina i preradjevina od šarana. - Kontinuirana promocija i reklamiranje kvaliteta ribljeg mesa (sa težištem na domaći proizvod – šarana) i njegovog korišćenja u preventivnoj svrsi od niza bolesti (kardiovaskularnih, kancerogenih, dijabetisa) kao i u pravilnom razvoju dece i omladine. - Organizovan nastup srpskih proizvodjača šarana na sajmovima i u pregovorima sa potencijalnim kupcima (velikim trgovačkim lancima prodajnih objekata) - Isticanje „bio” i „eko” prednosti mesa šarana u odnosu na brojne konkurentske proizvod

Center for Fishery and Applied Hydrobiology “Little Danube”, Experimental School Estate “Radmilovac”: Synergy of Research, Economy and Society

In every society, initiators and promoters of the development are individuals, teams or institutions with a vision, good ideas, seriousness, but above enthusiasm to work hard. They trace the road and drive activities related to research and/or economy. In the Serbian aquaculture sector such institutions is the Faculty of Agriculture and its Center for Fishery and Applied Hydrobiology (CEFAH) (or the “Little Danube”), which operates within the Experimental school estate “Radmilovac”. The Center started to be established in 2007. Unlike other similar Centers built by state resources intended for research and scientific work, the “Little Danube” was created much more as a result of enthusiasm of a group of researchers and their readiness to cooperate with national and international institutions, but also by enthusiasm of individuals ready to financially or materially help some of the Center’s programs. The Center’s activities are directed towards improving and developing the research and economy in aquaculture. Today the Center in “Radmilovac” and its laboratories located in the building of the Faculty of Agriculture represent an education and research polygon for aquaculture development. The education part is aimed at all levels: from pre-school and elementary school level by educational visits to the “Little Danube”, where they get to know different fish species and other aquatic organisms, their culture, fishing, fishing tools; to PhD level students and researchers that increase their knowledge and skills in the Center. CEFAH is a scientific polygon: in its aquaria, tanks, RAS systems, as well as in a number of earthen ponds a range of various experiments in different areas of aquaculture are carried out and knowledge is transferred directly in aquaculture economy. The development of Serbian aquaculture is directly affected by the connection of the Center with the economy through realization of biotechnology projects, fish selective breeding programs, and experiments

Possibilities of Improvement of Production Traits of the Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) by Selective Breeding

Selective breeding for growth rate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) has not been actively pursued after some early unsuccessful selection experiments. Prerequisite for successful selective breeding is accurate and objective evaluation of genetic parameters used in the planning and implementation of selection methods. The aim of this work was to assess the possibilities of improving production traits (weight, length and height) that are related to the growth of carp, through selection. Estimated variation and heritabilities were significantly high for all examined characteristics. Based on the obtained results can be expected to improve growth rate of common carp through selective breeding

Stanje ribarstva u Srbiji

Fishery in Serbia comprises of aquaculture and fishery. Aquaculture in Serbia concerns fish culturing. For production of other aquatic animals, mainly ornamental plants and crayfish, only occasional interest and small scale production in aquarium type of units exists. Fish are produced in carp and trout fish farms (over 95%), to a smaller extent in cages, enclosed or partitioned natural or man made aquatic ecosystems. Aquaria fish culture is mainly low scale, with a small number of specialized breeders and one public aquarium (M a r k o v i ć i M i t r o v i ć T u t u n d ž i ć, 2003, 2005; M a r k o v i ć i P o l e k s i ć, 2007, M a r k o v i ć i sar., 2009). In Serbia freshwater species cultured are: common carp, white and gray bighead, wells, pike perch, rainbow trout and to a lesser degree Northern pike, tench, brown trout, beluga, Russian starlet. There is 13 500 – 14 000 ha of fish farms in Serbia, with 99.9% of carp farms and 0.1% of trout farms. The total fish production in recent years is between 10 000 and 15 000 tons with 70 to 75% of consumable fish. All three types of production systems are present: extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. Extensive production is sporadic and is present only at a few carp production units, mostly not economic for semi-intensive production due to remoteness from other production units or neglect. The principal type of production (75 – 80%) is semi-intensive production of cyprinids, with common carp as the main species. Common carp is present with more than 80% of the total production in warmwater fish farms. The traditional (old) type of feeding is slowly changing. Cereals are more often, at over 50% of production surfaces, totally of partially replaced by complete, peletted and even more extruded feed. This has resulted in an increase of production per surface unit in recent years. Intensive production systems in carp culture are less present, at a small number of earthen ponds with aeration systems, mainly for fish fry production, and in cages. However, rainbow trout, the only salmonid species cultured for consummation, is exclusively produced in intensive systems at trout farms in Serbia. The number of people involved full-time in fish production in Serbia is about 1100 and approximately 400 seasonal workers that are hired mainly prior to harvest. With the rising of standard and returning to traditional habits during religious fasting, as well as with a slow increase of “healthy food” supporters, fish consumption has a growing trend. However, although fish production is increasing in recent years, the country’s production and open-water capture fishery barely represent a quarter of the total needs of inhabitants. This results in increase of import, mainly marine and frizzed fish, but also freshwater fish. Open-water capture fishery is performed in Serbia’s fishing waters. They are represented by 66 000 km of water currents (rivers and streams), flood plains, backwaters, 50 lakes, 150 reservoir lakes and around 30 000 km of canal systems, hydromeliorative systems, as well as all other waters with fish. All fishing waters are divided into 6 fishing regions (Serbia – Vojvodina, Serbia – West, Serbia – South West, Srbia - South, Serbia – East, Serbia – Center) since year 2007. Sports fishing is obtainable at all regions but commercial fishery is aloud only at two regions (Serbia – Vojvodina, Serbia – west), and in rivers Tisa, Sava and Danube. Number of fisherman with purchased license in the last couple of years is between 50 000 and 100 000. Number of commercial fishermen is between 500 and 2000 in the last ten years. The amount of captured fish is between 2000 and 3000 tons in the few past years

Lifestyle, Physical Activity, Eating and Hygiene Habits: A Comparative Analysis Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Student Population

Background: Changing daily habits such as diet, hygiene and physical activity may be some of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of this pandemic on lifestyle, physical activity, eating and hygiene habits among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 171 students from the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. Data were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, Marginal homogeneity test and Chi-square test. The differences were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results: In this study, it was observed that the most common physical activity before the pandemic was walking, while during the pandemic was home exercising. Compared to the period before the pandemic, there was no difference in the time spent engaging in daily physical activity (p = 0.334). However, there was a significant increase in sitting time during the pandemic (p = 0.005). Difference was noticed in the use of breakfast, the number of meals, and the type of fat in the diet before and during the pandemic (p = 0.000). During the pandemic, there was an increase in the use of fruits (p = 0.000), vegetables, and nuts (p = 0.001), while the use of fast food and alcohol have decreased. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant increase in the use of dietary supplements was observed (40.2%), (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, certain changes in lifestyle observed in this study should be confirmed in more extensive population studies