Germany as an Immigration Country

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht einen kurzen sozialhistorischen Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland zu geben. Aus dem Auswanderungsland des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde ein Einwanderungsland neuen Typs. Die Anwerbephase der 60er-Jahre erweist sich retrospektiv als zeitliches Bindeglied zum „Einwanderungsland wider Willen“. Obgleich alle Beteiligten auf deutscher wie ausländischer Seite noch lange am Gastarbeitermythos der baldigen Rückkehr in die jeweiligen Herkunftsländer festhielten, traten mit verlängerten Aufenthaltszeiten, Kettenwanderungen und verstärktem Familiennachzug bereits die Konturen der zukünftigen Einwanderungsgesellschaft Bundesrepublik immer deutlicher zutage. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung von Arbeitsmigranten und anderen einzelnen Zuwanderergruppen (Familennachzug, Spätaussiedler, jüdische Zuwanderung, politische Flüchtlinge aus ehemaligen sozialistischen Ländern, Asylzuwanderung, sonstige Flüchtlinge) sowie Fakten und rechtliche Grundlagen der jeweiligen Zuwanderungsform.U radu su, u kontekstu socijalne povijesti, sintetizirana migracijska iskustva koja su se događala u Njemačkoj. Iz iseljeničke zemlje 19. stoljeća nastala je useljenička zemlja novoga tipa. Razdoblje primanja radne snage, 1960-ih godina, retrospektivno je pokazalo da je Njemačka postala useljenička zemlja protiv svoje volje. Naime, iako su svi sudionici – i iz Njemačke i među useljenicima – dugo zadržavali "gastarbajterski" mit brzoga povratka u zemlje podrijetla, nastale su – zbog dugih boravaka, lančanih useljenja i pojačanih doseljenja članova obitelji – prve konture useljeničkoga društva. Težište rada je – osim na radnim migrantima – i na prikazu doseljeničkih grupa (doseljavanje članova obitelji radnih migranata, obiteljska doseljavanja Nijemaca iz drugih zemalja, doseljavanje Židova, doseljavanja političkih prognanika iz bivših socijalističkih zemalja te potencijalnih azilanata i ostalih izbjeglica) te na činjenicama i pravnom okviru pojedinih useljeničkih modela.In the paper the author synthesises, within the context of social history, migration experiences that took part in Germany. From a 19th century emigration country it has become a new type of immigration country. The period of accepting foreign workers in the 1960s proved retrospectively that Germany had become an immigrant country against its own will. Namely, although all the participants – on the part of Germany and on the part of the immigrants as well – had long nourished the \u27Gastarbeiter\u27 myth of a rapid return to their country of origin, because of their extended stay, chain immigration and immigration of family members, the first contours of an immigration society began to emerge. In addition to migrant workers, the paper also focuses on the presentation of various immigrant groups (immigration of family members of migrant workers, immigration of German families from other countries, immigration of Jews, immigration of political refugees from former socialist countries and potential asylum seekers as well as other refugees) and on facts and the legal framework of certain immigration models

The analysis of undiagnosed malignancies

Among the pathology methods autopsy is also a valuable tool in evaluating diagnostic accuracy in oncology. Malignancies are undiagnosed due to the lack of some laboratory investigations, the absence of specific symptoms of cancers and the delayed treatment of them. The aim is to analyze the reasons and the structure of undiagnosed malignancies in order to review the failure of their detection during the person’s life and the hyper diagnosis of tumours in some hospitals of Riga (Latvia) in adults and children

Infection as the cause of perinatal mortality in Latvia

Infection is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality worldwide – accounting for 36% of cases. Perinatal mortality in Latvia is slowly decreasing: from 7.3 per 1000 live births in 2013 to 6.7 per 1000 live births in 2015. Intrauterine infection still is a global problem and a significant factor that affects morbidity and mortality of the mother and the child.This study includes data about the cause of death, including infections, from 417 autopsy protocols of all fetuses and neonates between 22 weeks of gestation and < 7 days postpartum from 2013 to 2015.The main cause of perinatal mortality was antenatal fetal asphyxia in 50% (n=210), followed by infections – 39% (n=163), including cases of chorioamnionitis. The highest mortality rate was found in the 22nd–27th+6 (i.e. 27 full weeks and 6 days) gestational weeks – 32% of cases (n=135). Intrauterine pneumonia accounted for 24% (n=39) of all the infection caused deaths, meconium aspiration pneumonia – 0.04% (n=6), early neonatal sepsis – 0.03% (n=4) and specific infections like syphilis and cytomegalovirus – 0.02% (n=3). Histological examination of the placenta, the placental cord and fetal membranes was made in 61% (n=255) of cases, and 19.6% (n=50) of them had an infection

Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies of nanophase TiO_2

Dye-sensitized solar cells differ from conventional semiconductor devices in that they separate the function of light absorption from charge-carrier transport. The device is based on a 10-µm-thick optically transparent film of titanium dioxide (TiO_2) particles of a few nanometers in size, coated with a monolayer of charge-transfer dye to sensitize the film for light harvesting. In the present authors' review, the principal role of the TiO_2 photoanode is emphasized by a detailed presentation of its characterization by different experimental methods, while the photoelectric responses of the cells, a work which is still in progress, are indicated in the references cited. Hydrolysis of Ti(IV)-isopropoxide in isopropanol by the addition of water is a suitable chemical reaction for the production of nanosized TiO_2. The properties of nanosized TiO_2 can be modified by the hydrolysis catalyst, pH of the solution, temperature, presence of complexing ligand and the colloidal state of TiO_2 precursor. In the present work, the microstructural properties of nanosized TiO_2 were studied by HREM, ED, XRD, SAXS and Raman spectroscopy. HREM was used to determine both grain and pore sizes. Electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction provided evidence of nanocrystalline anatase and brookite phases. The grain sizes of the anatase and brookite phases changed from (5±1) to (12±3) nm with an increase of the treating temperature up to 773 K, as shown by XRD. An method of determining nanosized TiO_2 grain size based on low-frequency Raman scattering, is presented

Inelastic neutron scattering due to acoustic vibrations confined in nanoparticles: theory and experiment

The inelastic scattering of neutrons by nanoparticles due to acoustic vibrational modes (energy below 10 meV) confined in nanoparticles is calculated using the Zemach-Glauber formalism. Such vibrational modes are commonly observed by light scattering techniques (Brillouin or low-frequency Raman scattering). We also report high resolution inelastic neutron scattering measurements for anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in a loose powder. Factors enabling the observation of such vibrations are discussed. These include a narrow nanoparticle size distribution which minimizes inhomogeneous broadening of the spectrum and the presence of hydrogen atoms oscillating with the nanoparticle surfaces which enhances the number of scattered neutrons.Comment: 3 figures, 1 tabl

Tingkah Laku Pemijahan, Pembenihan, Pembesaran Ikan Kerapu Tikus (Cromileptes Altivelis) Di Balai Budidaya Air Payau Situbondo

Ikan kerapu tikus (Cromileptes altivelis) merupakan ikan bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Produksinya berasal dari penangkapan dan budidaya. Saat ini tidak banyak yang memahami tentang tingkah laku ikan kerapu tikus. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pengkajian tentang tingkah laku ikan kerapu tikus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkah laku ikan kerapu tikus secara keseluruhan yang meliputi pemijahan, pembenihan, dan pembesaran. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Balai Budidaya Air Payau (BBAP) Situbondo dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, analisa data yang digunakan adalah analisa komparatif yaitu membandingkan antara hasil pengamatan dengan literatur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ikan kerapu tikus merupakan ikan hermaprodit protogini yang mengalami Perubahan kelamin dari betina ke jantan setelah betina berumur 2 tahun dengan berat 2,5 kg. Pemijahan ikan kerapu terjadi pada bulan gelap (antara tanggal 25-5) antara pukul 22.00-02.00 wib pada suhu perairan 29 oC dan jumlah perbandingan jantan dan betina 1:2. Ikan kerapu yang hendak memijah menjadi lebih sensitif terhadap suara dan cahaya. Ikan kerapu betina Perutnya terlihat buncit, warna tubuhnya cerah dan pergerakannya lambat. Ikan kerapu jantan pergerakannya lebih agresif daripada ikan kerapu betina. Ikan kerapu jantan akan bergerak mengikuti ikan kerapu betina dan berenang bersama. Telur yang dihasilkan berkisar 100.000 – 300.000. Masa inkubasi telur 18-20 jam dengan tingkat penetasan 80% dan survival rate 5 %. Larva kerapu tikus bersifat pelagis, pemberian pakan disesuaikan dengan bukaan mulut larva. Pakan yang diberikan berupa minyak cumi pada D1-D14, zooplankton jenis artemia pada D15-D40, fitoplankton jenis rotifera pada D15-35, pelet pada D17 -D50 dan rebon pada D40-D50. Faktor lingkungan yang dibutuhkan pada pengamatan larva yaitu : suhu 29 oC, pH 7 , salinitas 32 ppt , dan nilai amoniak < 0,01 ppm. Pembesaran ikan kerapu tikus di karamba jaring apung (KJA) dipelihara mulai ukuran 10 cm (D70) dengan masa pemeliharaan 15 bulan. Pemberian pakan dilakukan satu kali sehari berupa ikan selar. Ikan kerapu tikus makan dengan menyergap pakannya sebelum pakannya menuju ke dasar. Lingkungan di karamba jaring apung mempunyai suhu perairan 29-31 oC dan salinitas 33 ppt

Ge/Si core/shell quantum dots in alumina: tuning the optical absorption by the core and shell size

Ge/Si core/shell quantum dots (QDs) recently received extensive attention due to their specific properties induced by the confinement effects of the core and shell structure. They have a type II confinement resulting in spatially separated charge carriers, the electronic structure strongly dependent on the core and shell size. Herein, the experimental realization of Ge/Si core/shell QDs with strongly tunable optical properties is demonstrated. QDs embedded in an amorphous alumina glass matrix are produced by simple magnetron sputtering deposition. In addition, they are regularly arranged within the matrix due to their self-assembled growth regime. QDs with different Ge core and Si shell sizes are made. These core/shell structures have a significantly stronger absorption compared to pure Ge QDs and a highly tunable absorption peak dependent on the size of the core and shell. The optical properties are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions showing the dramatic influence of the shell size on optical gap, resulting in 0.7 eV blue shift for only 0.4 nm decrease at the shell thickness. Therefore, these materials are very promising for light-harvesting applications

Novel Tm3+-doped fluorotellurite glasses with enhanced quantum efficiency

In this paper, new highly Tm3+-doped tellurite glasses with host composition 75TeO2-xZnF2-yGeO2-12PbO-3Nb2O5 [x(5-15), y(0-5) mol%] are presented and compared to the Tm-doped tellurite glasses based on the traditional host composition: 75TeO2-20ZnO-5Na2O mol%. Enhanced quantum efficiency from 3F4 level was observed for the proposed glasses and thermal stability and viscosity values make them suitable for optical fiber drawing. Besides the host composition, substantial influence of Tm3+ concentration on luminescence and lifetime of excited 3F4 and 3H4 states were discusse