The cultural capitalists: notes on the ongoing reconfiguration of trafficking culture in Asia

Most analysis of the international flows of the illicit art market has described a global situation in which a postcolonial legacy of acquisition and collection exploits cultural heritage by pulling it westwards towards major international trade nodes in the USA and Europe. As the locus of consumptive global economic power shifts, however, these traditional flows are pulled in other directions: notably for the present commentary, towards and within Asia

High frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN24242669]

INTRODUCTION: To compare the safety and efficacy of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) for early intervention in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a multi-centre randomized trial in four intensive care units was conducted. METHODS: Patients with ARDS were randomized to receive either HFOV or CV. In both treatment arms a priority was given to maintain lung volume while minimizing peak pressures. CV ventilation strategy was aimed at reducing tidal volumes. In the HFOV group, an open lung strategy was used. Respiratory and circulatory parameters were recorded and clinical outcome was determined at 30 days of follow up. RESULTS: The study was prematurely stopped. Thirty-seven patients received HFOV and 24 patients CV (average APACHE II score 21 and 20, oxygenation index 25 and 18 and duration of mechanical ventilation prior to randomization 2.1 and 1.5 days, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in survival without supplemental oxygen or on ventilator, mortality, therapy failure, or crossover. Adjustment by a priori defined baseline characteristics showed an odds ratio of 0.80 (95% CI 0.22–2.97) for survival without oxygen or on ventilator, and an odds ratio for mortality of 1.15 (95% CI 0.43–3.10) for HFOV compared with CV. The response of the oxygenation index (OI) to treatment did not differentiate between survival and death. In the HFOV group the OI response was significantly higher than in the CV group between the first and the second day. A post hoc analysis suggested that there was a relatively better treatment effect of HFOV compared with CV in patients with a higher baseline OI. CONCLUSION: No significant differences were observed, but this trial only had power to detect major differences in survival without oxygen or on ventilator. In patients with ARDS and higher baseline OI, however, there might be a treatment benefit of HFOV over CV. More research is needed to establish the efficacy of HFOV in the treatment of ARDS. We suggest that future studies are designed to allow for informative analysis in patients with higher OI

Infinite motion and 2-distinguishability of graphs and groups

A group A acting faithfully on a set X is 2-distinguishable if there is a 2-coloring of X that is not preserved by any nonidentity element of A, equivalently, if there is a proper subset of X with trivial setwise stabilizer. The motion of an element a in A is the number of points of X that are moved by a, and the motion of the group A is the minimal motion of its nonidentity elements. When A is finite, the Motion Lemma says that if the motion of A is large enough (specifically at least 2 log_2 |A|), then the action is 2-distinguishable. For many situations where X has a combinatorial or algebraic structure, the Motion Lemma implies that the action of Aut(X) on X is 2-distinguishable in all but finitely many instances. We prove an infinitary version of the Motion Lemma for countably infinite permutation groups, which states that infinite motion is large enough to guarantee 2-distinguishability. From this we deduce a number of results, including the fact that every locally finite, connected graph whose automorphism group is countably infinite is 2-distinguishable. One cannot extend the Motion Lemma to uncountable permutation groups, but nonetheless we prove that (under the permutation topology) every closed permutation group with infinite motion has a dense subgroup which is 2-distinguishable. We conjecture an extension of the Motion Lemma which we expect holds for a restricted class of uncountable permutation groups, and we conclude with a list of open questions. The consequences of our results are drawn for orbit equivalence of infinite permutation groups

Systematic review of determinants of mortality in high frequency oscillatory ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical ventilation has been shown to cause lung injury and to have a significant impact on mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Theoretically, high frequency oscillatory ventilation seems an ideal lung protective ventilation mode. This review evaluates determinants of mortality during use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation. METHODS: PubMed was searched for literature reporting randomized trials and cohort studies of high frequency ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data on mortality and determinants were extracted for patients treated with high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Linear regression analyses were conducted to produce graphical representations of adjusted effects of determinants of mortality. RESULTS: Cohorts of patients treated with high frequency oscillatory ventilation from two randomized trials and seven observational studies were included. Data from cohorts comparing survivors with non-survivors showed differences in age (42.3 versus 51.2 years), prior time on conventional mechanical ventilation (4.0 versus 6.2 days), APACHE II score (22.4 versus 26.1), pH (7.33 versus 7.26) and oxygenation index (26 versus 34). Each extra day on conventional ventilation was associated with a 20% higher mortality adjusted for age and APACHE II score (relative risk (RR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.25). However, this association was confounded by differences in pH (pH adjusted RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.73–1.46). Oxygenation index seemed to have an independent effect on mortality (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95–1.28). CONCLUSION: Prolonged ventilation on conventional mechanical ventilation prior to high frequency oscillatory ventilation was not related to mortality. Oxygenation index was a determinant of mortality independent of other disease severity markers

Report and preliminary results of R/V SONNE Cruise SO251 - Extreme events Archived in the GEologial Record of JAPAN's subduction margins (EAGER-JAPAN)

Leg A SO251-1, Yokohama - Yokohama, 04.10.2016 - 15.10.2016, Leg B SO251-2, Yokohama - Yokohama, 18.10.2016 - 02.11.201

The Sacarosa Tephra-fall Deposit Emplaced by a Plinian Eruption of Misti Volcano, Southern Peru at <=33.7 ka

Misti volcano is one of eight active volcanoes in southern Peru and is within the Central Andean Volcanic Zone. The volcano’s summit is located about 17 km northeast of the historic city center of Arequipa, Peru, a city with a population surpassing one million inhabitants. During the past 40 ky, Misti’s eruptive activity has been dominantly explosive, generating pyroclastic-density currents and tephra falls, but the volcano has also experienced dome growth and collapse and produced voluminous lahars. During this period of eruptive activity, Misti produced an explosive eruption which emplaced a well-sorted tephra-fall deposit informally called the Sacarosa. Few eruptions or their deposits, such as the Sacarosa have been investigated in detail at Misti. We provide the first comprehensive description of the Sacarosa and the eruption that emplaced it. The deposit contains a notable quantity of loose crystals of plagioclase, amphibole, biotite (sometimes bronzy), and scant Fe-Ti oxides, which combined can be 65¬–70 vol.% of the deposit’s fine matrix. The unit’s bright white, sub-angular pumice are dacite (65 wt.% SiO2), have sub-rounded vesicles, and a phenocryst assemblage of 7–10 vol.% plagioclase, 5–7 vol.% amphibole, 2–3 vol.% biotite, and trace Fe-Ti oxides. Altered and rare fresh lithics compose <1 vol.% of the deposit and are usually only present in outcrops most proximal to the volcano. Similar to many of Misti’s other tephra-fall deposits, the Sacarosa has a dispersal axis to the southwest and crops out in Arequipa’s districts of Mariano Melgar, Alto Selva Alegre, Cayma, Cerro Colorado, and Yura. Along its dispersal axis, the unit is 1.2 m thick at about 10 km from Misti’s crater, thinning to 0.24 m thick at about 20 km from the vent. From the unit’s pumice isopleths, an eruption column of ~19 km above sea level is inferred with a wind velocity of about 18 m/s. From the unit’s isopachs, a volume between 0.5 km3 and 2.5 km3 is calculated, allowing the eruption to be classified as a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 5 Plinian eruption. Charcoal collected at two locations from within the upper 10 cm of a paleosol underlying the Sacarosa yielded uncalibrated 14C ages of 33.7 kBP. The Sacarosa is younger than 33.7 kBP, but the proximity of the charcoal to the paleosurface suggests that emplacement occurred probably within several thousand years or less of the constraining age. There are many tephra-fall deposits at Misti younger than the Sacarosa, including many from likely Holocene eruptions. Compared to these other deposits, the Sacarosa eruption is representative of the volcano’s larger magnitude eruptions. Undoubtedly, Misti will erupt again in the future. If such an eruption were to be a VEI 5, like that inferred to have produced the Sacarosa, it would severely impact Arequipa and result in economic losses on a local, regional, and national scale

Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia

Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal recessive manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. Excessive accumulation of manganese in these patients results in rapidly progressive childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia with distinctive brain magnetic resonance imaging appearances and neurodegenerative features on post-mortem examination. We show that mutations in SLC39A14 impair manganese transport in vitro and lead to manganese dyshomeostasis and altered locomotor activity in zebrafish with CRISPR-induced slc39a14 null mutations. Chelation with disodium calcium edetate lowers blood manganese levels in patients and can lead to striking clinical improvement. Our results demonstrate that SLC39A14 functions as a pivotal manganese transporter in vertebrates

Association of genetic variation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure among African Americans: the Candidate Gene Association Resource study

The prevalence of hypertension in African Americans (AAs) is higher than in other US groups; yet, few have performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in AA. Among people of European descent, GWASs have identified genetic variants at 13 loci that are associated with blood pressure. It is unknown if these variants confer susceptibility in people of African ancestry. Here, we examined genome-wide and candidate gene associations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using the Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) consortium consisting of 8591 AAs. Genotypes included genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data utilizing the Affymetrix 6.0 array with imputation to 2.5 million HapMap SNPs and candidate gene SNP data utilizing a 50K cardiovascular gene-centric array (ITMAT-Broad-CARe [IBC] array). For Affymetrix data, the strongest signal for DBP was rs10474346 (P= 3.6 × 10−8) located near GPR98 and ARRDC3. For SBP, the strongest signal was rs2258119 in C21orf91 (P= 4.7 × 10−8). The top IBC association for SBP was rs2012318 (P= 6.4 × 10−6) near SLC25A42 and for DBP was rs2523586 (P= 1.3 × 10−6) near HLA-B. None of the top variants replicated in additional AA (n = 11 882) or European-American (n = 69 899) cohorts. We replicated previously reported European-American blood pressure SNPs in our AA samples (SH2B3, P= 0.009; TBX3-TBX5, P= 0.03; and CSK-ULK3, P= 0.0004). These genetic loci represent the best evidence of genetic influences on SBP and DBP in AAs to date. More broadly, this work supports that notion that blood pressure among AAs is a trait with genetic underpinnings but also with significant complexit

Excess Early Postnatal Weight Gain Leads to Increased Abdominal Fat in Young Children

Background. Increased childhood weight gain has been associated with later adiposity. Whether excess early postnatal weight gain plays a role in childhood abdominal fat is unknown. Design. In the ongoing Wheezing Illnesses Study Leidsche Rijn (WHISTLER), birth cohort weight and length from birth to age 3 months were obtained. In the first 316 five-year-olds, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat were measured ultrasonographically. Individual weight and length gain rates were assessed in each child. Internal Z-scores of weight for length gain (WLG) were calculated. Multiple imputation was used to deal with missing covariates. Results. Per-1-unit increase in Z-score WLG from birth to 3 months, BMI, waist circumference, and subcutaneous fat were significantly higher; 0.51 kg/m2, 0.84 cm, and 0.50 mm, respectively. After multiple imputation, a trend towards significance was observed for intra-abdominal fat as well (0.51 mm/SD). In the associations with 5-year adiposity, no interaction between postnatal Z-score WLG and birth size was found. Conclusion. Excess early postnatal weight gain is associated with increased general and central adiposity, characterized by more subcutaneous and likely more intra-abdominal fat at 5 years of age

The late Pleistocene Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit, Misti Volcano, Arequipa, Peru: its magma, eruption, and implications for past and future activity

Entre 38.5 ka cal BP y 32.4 ka cal BP el volcán Misti generó una erupción dacítica con Indice de Explosividad Volcánica 5 que emplazo el depósito de caída de tefra “Sacarosa”. La presencia de fenocristales de biotita, el tamaño fino de sus granos, escasos líticos y la abundancia de cristales libres caracterizan el depósito en los lugares muestreados. El magma tuvo una temperatura de ~ 800 °C, el cual ascendió rápidamente de ~ 10 km de profundidad y resultó en una erupción Pliniana que tuvo una tasa de descarga de masa de 7.7 × 106– 4.1 × 107 kg/s, y deposito alrededor de 3 km3 de tefra dentro de decenas de horas. El depósito tiene dos capas con espesores casi similares, separados por un contacto difuso y con una capa superior que se caracteriza por contener granos un poco más gruesos y ser un poco menos sorteado que la capa inferior. La capa superior gruesa indica condiciones culminantes o un menor grado de fragmentación durante la última mitad de la erupción. Fuertes vientos distribuyeron el depósito al suroeste del Misti cubriendo al menos 800 km2, incluyendo la actual ciudad de Arequipa donde el depósito de tefra tiene hasta 100 cm de espesor. El depósito “Sacarosa” es el primero entre los depósitos de la etapa Cayma (un grupo distintivo de unidades félsicas que contienen biotita) que es descrito detalladamente y con su erupción caracterizada. Varios depósitos de la etapa Cayma fueron generados por erupciones explosivas voluminosas similares a la erupción “Sacarosa”, representando un intervalo de ~ 8.9–15.5 ky de poderosas erupciones. Una erupción tan explosiva hoy amenazaría a los más de 1,100,000 habitantes de Arequipa, muchos de ellos viven dentro del área de distribución del depósito “Sacarosa”