High daily energy expenditure of incubating shorebirds on High Arctic tundra: a circumpolar study

1. Given the allometric scaling of thermoregulatory capacity in birds, and the cold and exposed Arctic environment, it was predicted that Arctic-breeding shorebirds should incur high costs during incubation. Using doubly labelled water (DLW), daily energy expenditure (DEE) during incubation was measured in eight shorebird species weighing between 29 and 142 g at various sites in the Eurasian and Canadian High Arctic. The results are compared with a compilation of similar data for birds at lower latitudes. 2. There was a significant positive correlation between species average DEE and body mass (DEE (kJ day−1) = 28·12 BM (g)^0·524, r^2 = 0·90). The slopes of the allometric regression lines for DEE on body mass of tundra-breeding birds and lower latitude species (a sample mostly of passerines but including several shorebirds) are similar (0·548 vs 0·545). DEE is about 50% higher in birds on the tundra than in temperate breeding areas. 3. Data for radiomarked Red Knots for which the time budgets during DLW measurements were known, indicated that foraging away from the nest on open tundra is almost twice as costly as incubating a four-egg clutch. 4. During the incubation phase in the High Arctic, tundra-breeding shorebirds appear to incur among the highest DEE levels of any time of the year. The rates of energy expenditure measured here are among the highest reported in the literature so far, reaching inferred ceilings of sustainable energy turnover rates.

Broedsucces van kustbroedvogels in de Waddenzee in 2007 en 2008

Voor het derde en vierde opeenvolgende jaar werd het broedsucces van een aantal kustbroedvogels in de Waddenzee bepaald. Van Eider, Scholekster, Kluut, Kokmeeuw, Zilvermeeuw en Visdief, alsmede van Kleine Mantelmeeuw en Noordse Stern werd informatie verzamelen over het nestsucces en uitvliegsucces (het uiteindelijke broedsucces). Kennis over de jaarlijkse variatie in broedresultaten bij de verschillende soorten is van belang als een early warning systeem om de 'kwaliteit' (het reproducerend vermogen) van de vogelpopulaties in de Waddenzee te volgen en de achterliggende processen van populatieveranderingen te doorgronden. Directe aanleiding voor het project vormde de evaluatie van de effectiviteit van het nieuwe schelpdiervisserijbeleid en de mogelijke gevolgen voor de voedselvoorziening van schelpdieretende vogels

Threat-sensitive anti-predator defence in precocial wader, the northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus

Birds exhibit various forms of anti-predator behaviours to avoid reproductive failure, with mobbing—observation, approach and usually harassment of a predator—being one of the most commonly observed. Here, we investigate patterns of temporal variation in the mobbing response exhibited by a precocial species, the northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). We test whether brood age and self-reliance, or the perceived risk posed by various predators, affect mobbing response of lapwings. We quantified aggressive interactions between lapwings and their natural avian predators and used generalized additive models to test how timing and predator species identity are related to the mobbing response of lapwings. Lapwings diversified mobbing response within the breeding season and depending on predator species. Raven Corvus corax, hooded crow Corvus cornix and harriers evoked the strongest response, while common buzzard Buteo buteo, white stork Ciconia ciconia, black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus and rook Corvus frugilegus were less frequently attacked. Lapwings increased their mobbing response against raven, common buzzard, white stork and rook throughout the breeding season, while defence against hooded crow, harriers and black-headed gull did not exhibit clear temporal patterns. Mobbing behaviour of lapwings apparently constitutes a flexible anti-predator strategy. The anti-predator response depends on predator species, which may suggest that lapwings distinguish between predator types and match mobbing response to the perceived hazard at different stages of the breeding cycle. We conclude that a single species may exhibit various patterns of temporal variation in anti-predator defence, which may correspond with various hypotheses derived from parental investment theory

Effects of infection-induced migration delays on the epidemiology of avian influenza in wild mallard populations

Wild waterfowl populations form a natural reservoir of Avian Influenza (AI) virus, and fears exist that these birds may contribute to an AI pandemic by spreading the virus along their migratory flyways. Observational studies suggest that individuals infected with AI virus may delay departure from migratory staging sites. Here, we explore the epidemiological dynamics of avian influenza virus in a migrating mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population with a specific view to understanding the role of infection-induced migration delays on the spread of virus strains of differing transmissibility. We develop a host-pathogen model that combines the transmission dynamics of influenza with the migration, reproduction and mortality of the host bird species. Our modeling predicts that delayed migration of individuals influences both the timing and size of outbreaks of AI virus. We find that (1) delayed migration leads to a lower total number of cases of infection each year than in the absence of migration delay, (2) when the transmission rate of a strain is high, the outbreak starts at the staging sites at which birds arrive in the early part of the fall migration, (3) when the transmission rate is low, infection predominantly occurs later in the season, which is further delayed when there is a migration delay. As such, the rise of more virulent AI strains in waterfowl could lead to a higher prevalence of infection later in the year, which could change the exposure risk for farmed poultry. A sensitivity analysis shows the importance of generation time and loss of immunity for the effect of migration delays. Thus, we demonstrate, in contrast to many current transmission risk models solely using empirical information on bird movements to assess the potential for transmission, that a consideration of infection-induced delays is critical to understanding the dynamics of AI infection along the entire flyway.<br /

Juvenile Black-tailed Godwits in the Netherlands in 2023:A numbers estimate based on colour-ring densities

In de afgelopen jaren zijn aan de hand van waarnemingen van gekleurringde juveniele Grutto’s Limosa limosa na afloop van het broedseizoen schattingen afgeleid van het aantal jongen dat in Nederland uitvloog. Doel hiervan is het monitoren van de ontwikkeling in het broedsucces van de Nederlandse gruttopopulatie. Een ontoereikend reproductiesucces is een belangrijk mechanisme achter de gestage aantalsafname van deze soort

Juvenile Black-tailed Godwits in the Netherlands in 2023:A numbers estimate based on colour-ring densities

In de afgelopen jaren zijn aan de hand van waarnemingen van gekleurringde juveniele Grutto’s Limosa limosa na afloop van het broedseizoen schattingen afgeleid van het aantal jongen dat in Nederland uitvloog. Doel hiervan is het monitoren van de ontwikkeling in het broedsucces van de Nederlandse gruttopopulatie. Een ontoereikend reproductiesucces is een belangrijk mechanisme achter de gestage aantalsafname van deze soort