"Open Innovation" and "Triple Helix" Models of Innovation: Can Synergy in Innovation Systems Be Measured?

The model of "Open Innovations" (OI) can be compared with the "Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations" (TH) as attempts to find surplus value in bringing industrial innovation closer to public R&D. Whereas the firm is central in the model of OI, the TH adds multi-centeredness: in addition to firms, universities and (e.g., regional) governments can take leading roles in innovation eco-systems. In addition to the (transversal) technology transfer at each moment of time, one can focus on the dynamics in the feedback loops. Under specifiable conditions, feedback loops can be turned into feedforward ones that drive innovation eco-systems towards self-organization and the auto-catalytic generation of new options. The generation of options can be more important than historical realizations ("best practices") for the longer-term viability of knowledge-based innovation systems. A system without sufficient options, for example, is locked-in. The generation of redundancy -- the Triple Helix indicator -- can be used as a measure of unrealized but technologically feasible options given a historical configuration. Different coordination mechanisms (markets, policies, knowledge) provide different perspectives on the same information and thus generate redundancy. Increased redundancy not only stimulates innovation in an eco-system by reducing the prevailing uncertainty; it also enhances the synergy in and innovativeness of an innovation system.Comment: Journal of Open Innovations: Technology, Market and Complexity, 2(1) (2016) 1-12; doi:10.1186/s40852-016-0039-

TPS909613 Supplemental Material - Supplemental material for “If somebody could just understand what I am going through, it would make all the difference”: Conceptualizations of trauma in homeless populations experiencing severe mental illness

Supplemental material, TPS909613 Supplemental Material for “If somebody could just understand what I am going through, it would make all the difference”: Conceptualizations of trauma in homeless populations experiencing severe mental illness by AR Gilmoor, S Vallath, B Regeer and JFG Bunders in Transcultural Psychiatry</p

El tiempo y los métodos de la biología

La biología contemporánea comparte el ideal de las ciencias positivas. Esto supone que debe aceptar una reducción en sus objetivos explicativos. No obstante, para describir adecuadamente su objeto ha tenido que desprenderse del mecanicismo y adoptar teorías más ajustadas, como la cibernética o la teoría de sistemas. Esto posibilita planteamientos más respetuosos con la naturaleza del tiempo de los seres vivos. De todos modos, sólo la filosofía, que examina la realidad sin restricciones metodológicas, puede explicar acabadamente el tiempo biológico