Ionization vacuum gauge with all but the end of the ion collector shielded Patent

Describing hot filament type Bayard-Alpert ionization gage with ion collector buried or removed from grid structur

Problems in the Insulin Dependent Diabetic

It is often useful for the physician to classify diabetes as stable or unstable. Maturity-onset diabetes is usually stable, and its management is not difficult, provided the patient is interested and cooperative. Tendency to obesity, relative insensitivity to insulin, and absence of ketosis are characteristic of such patients. Relative insensitivity to insulin does not imply unresponsiveness, but rather that the blood sugar is not overly labile and does not fall sharply in response to exercise or injected insulin. Many patients with such insensitivity to insulin are adequately managed on diet, alone or in combination with the oral hypoglycemic agents. When the latter fail, usually a single morning dose of long-acting insulin is satisfactory in controlling glycosuria and hyperglycemia during a 24-hour interval. Occasionally a small dose of crystalline insulin given in the same injection will be needed to control glycosuria between breakfast and lunch

Analytical study of the optimum geometric configuration of a space shuttle materials laboratory

A steady state, collisionless flow analysis was made of the density distribution within a hemisphere-disc system due to independent, uniformly distributed internal gas sources. The model was used to estimate the density within a molecular shield, deployed from the shuttle orbiter, which contained internal experiments having a prescribed gas source. Contour plots of the density distribution within the system were presented for disc-to-hemisphere radius ratios of .1, .3, .5, .7, and for disc-to-hemisphere surface emission flux density ratios of .01, 1, 100. The hemisphere-disc system was compared to the empty hemisphere, and it was found that if the disc emission flux density was the same as the hemisphere and the disc radius was not greater than 1/3 of the hemisphere radius, the increase in density at the center of the hemisphere-disc system was less than 50%

Success Towards Sustainable Development in Lagging US Cities? A Grounded Study

By 2030, it is projected that 7 out of 10 people will be urban dwellers. However, as more people migrate to cities in search of a better life and urban populations grow, housing, food, water, air, transportation, energy, and human well-being issues intensify. Issues of climate change, energy use, agricultural land and watershed protection, and transportation, among others, already stretch beyond the budget frames, municipal geography, and election cycles of most local government managers. Pressures from non-governmental organizations and society as whole are forcing the local business community as well as government officials to work together in solving some the most challenging sustainability issues and wicked problems cities face. Some US city have been early adopters of implementing sustainable development initiatives successfully and more rapidly than others; while a good majority of cities still lag behind or have not implemented sustainable development initiatives as successfully. The basis of this research is to provide a better understanding of the challenges, barriers, and accelerators of city level sustainable development implementation that are successful and what processes sustainability managers are adopting to lead their communities to a sustainable city

The what and where of adding channel noise to the Hodgkin-Huxley equations

One of the most celebrated successes in computational biology is the Hodgkin-Huxley framework for modeling electrically active cells. This framework, expressed through a set of differential equations, synthesizes the impact of ionic currents on a cell's voltage -- and the highly nonlinear impact of that voltage back on the currents themselves -- into the rapid push and pull of the action potential. Latter studies confirmed that these cellular dynamics are orchestrated by individual ion channels, whose conformational changes regulate the conductance of each ionic current. Thus, kinetic equations familiar from physical chemistry are the natural setting for describing conductances; for small-to-moderate numbers of channels, these will predict fluctuations in conductances and stochasticity in the resulting action potentials. At first glance, the kinetic equations provide a far more complex (and higher-dimensional) description than the original Hodgkin-Huxley equations. This has prompted more than a decade of efforts to capture channel fluctuations with noise terms added to the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Many of these approaches, while intuitively appealing, produce quantitative errors when compared to kinetic equations; others, as only very recently demonstrated, are both accurate and relatively simple. We review what works, what doesn't, and why, seeking to build a bridge to well-established results for the deterministic Hodgkin-Huxley equations. As such, we hope that this review will speed emerging studies of how channel noise modulates electrophysiological dynamics and function. We supply user-friendly Matlab simulation code of these stochastic versions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations on the ModelDB website (accession number 138950) and http://www.amath.washington.edu/~etsb/tutorials.html.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, review articl