Phylogenetic analysis of Croatian orf viruses isolated from sheep and goats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Orf virus </it>(ORFV) is the prototype of the parapoxvirus genus and it primarily causes contagious ecthyma in goats, sheep, and other ruminants worldwide. In this paper, we described the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene of ORFV from two natural outbreaks: i) in autochthonous Croatian Cres-breed sheep and ii) on small family goat farm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the ORFV B2L gene showed that the Cro-Cres-12446/09 and Cro-Goat-11727/10 were not clustered together. Cro-Cres-12446/09 shared the highest similarity with ORFV NZ2 from New Zealand, and Ena from Japan; Cro-Goat-11727/10 was closest to the HuB from China and Taiping and Hoping from Taiwan.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Distinct ORFV strains are circulating in Croatia. Although ORFV infections are found ubiquitously wherever sheep and goats are farmed in Croatia, this is the first information on genetic relatedness of any Croatian ORFV with other isolates around the world.</p

Cedratvirus getuliensis replication cycle: an in-depth morphological analysis

Abstract The giant viruses are the largest and most complex viruses in the virosphere. In the last decade, new members have constantly been added to this group. Here, we provide an in-depth descriptive analysis of the replication cycle of Cedratvirus getuliensis, one of the largest viruses known to date. We tracked the virion entry, the early steps of virus factory and particles morphogenesis, and during this phase, we observed a complex and unique sequential organization of immature particle elements, including horseshoe and rectangular compartments, revealed by transverse and longitudinal sections, respectively, until the formation of the final ovoid-shaped striped virion. The genome and virion proteins are incorporated through a longitudinal opening in the immature virion, followed by the incorporation of the second cork and thickening of the capsid well. Moreover, many cell modifications occur during viral infection, including intense membrane trafficking important to viral morphogenesis and release, as evidenced by treatment using brefeldin A. Finally, we observed that Cedratvirus getuliensis particles are released after cellular lysis, although we obtained microscopic evidence that some particles are released by exocytosis. The present study provides new information on the unexplored steps in the life cycle of cedratviruses

Uma breve história da cirurgia das glândulas salivares

Salivary gland neoplasms are a relatively uncommon disease, with nearly one case per 100.000 adults estimated per year and an overall incidence of 1% of all neoplasms. The benign neoplasms are majority and the prognosis depends on the histologic type, grade, localization, soft tissue infiltration, regional and distant metastasis. The main treatment is surgery with caution to facial nerve in the major salivary glands, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy in selected cases. The objective of this review is to provide the lector an historic approach about salivary gland diseases treatment, with special attention to the parotid neoplasms and its peculiarities associated to those who studied these glands in their history course.Federal University of the State of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck SurgeryUNIFESP Neurophysiology Laboratory of Physiology DepartmentUNIFESP Center for the Development of Experimental Models - CEDEM