Welfare and Equity Impacts of Cross-Border Factor Mobility in Bangladesh: A General Equilibrium Analysis

Bangladesh is one of the top remittance recipient countries in the world and it is the second largest source of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. However, in recent years, remittance inflows into Bangladesh have declined steadily because of real income reductions of migrants. This trend in income has increased the number of returning migrants, making domestic employment less secure. To address this issue, we develop a recursive dynamic CGE model for Bangladesh that describes the allocation of employment between domestic and foreign labor markets in response to a foreign wage premium, competition between local firms and multinational enterprises in the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, and distributional impacts of factor mobility on different household groups. Our simulation results show that returning migrants reduce household welfare by lowering wages and increasing unemployment, particularly for unskilled workers in the domestic labor market. Using counteractive policy options, we examine the impacts of FDI promotion in the RMG sector and of a human-capital development program. Based on our results, we conclude that the former policy minimizes the negative impacts of foreign labor market shocks, while a combination of both policies is more equitable.JEL Classification Codes: C68, F21, F22, O15It is gratefully acknowledged that this study was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grants (18J11669 and 16K03613).http://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/hosoe_nobuhiro

Randallopsallus : SCHUH & MENARD 2013

Key to the species of Randallopsallus 1. Body small, narrower than 1.45 mm in dorsal view; antennal segment II uniformly dark brown (Figs 6–8), shorter than 0.84 mm; known from Peninsular Malaysia............................................................................................................................ R. malayanus sp. nov. – Body wider than 1.50 mm in dorsal view; at least basal half of antennal segment II yellowish (in fresh specimen reddish) brown (Figs 10, 15–17), longer than 0.90 mm...................... 2 2. Antennal segment III equal to or more than twice as long as I; apical half of metafemur (except for obscure subapical ring) yellowish brown (Fig. 10); metatarsomere II about 1.5 times as long as metatarsomere I; N. Sumatra................................ R. berastagi sp. nov. – Antennal segment III less than twice as long as I; metafemur almost uniformly dark or chocolate brown (reddish brown in teneral and fresh individuals) (Figs 12–13); metatarsomere II about twice as long as tarsomere I; central Thailand.............................................................................................................................. R. paracastaneae Yasunaga, 2013Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Jsps, 2017, Two new species of the phyline plant bug genus Randallopsallus from Southeast Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), pp. 457-471 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 463, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0085, http://zenodo.org/record/531896

Randallopsallus malayanus Yasunaga & Duwal & Jsps 2017, sp. nov.

Randallopsallus malayanus sp. nov. (Figs 6–8, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 33–35, 41–43, 64) Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, MALAYSIA: PERAK: Taiping, Bukit Larut (Maxwell Hill), N4.8625 E100.8000, 1100 m, at mercury light, 13 Jul 1989, T. Yasunaga (AMNH) (AMNH _ PBI 00380575). PARATYPES: MALAYSIA: PERAK: Same data as for holotype, 1 J (TYCN) (AMNH _ PBI 00380576); same data, except for date 7 Dec 1989, 1 ♀ (TYCN) (00380577). PAHANG: Fraser’s Hill, N3.71, E101.73, 6 Jan 1997, S. Gotoh, 1 ♀ (TYCN) (00380583). Differential diagnosis. Similar in general appearance to R. berastagi and R. paracastaneae, from which this new species can be distinguished by the characters in the key (1st couplet), generally smaller size (Table 1), uniformly darkened, short antennal segment II that is distinctly shorter than twice the length of segment III, almost entirely dark antennal segment III, relatively light brown hemelytron (Fig. 6), well splayed-out left paramere and medium-sized right paramere (Fig. 33), broad, winged secondary blade of endosoma (Fig. 35), and enlarged, rectangular sclerotized ring (Fig. 41). Description. Macropterous; body generally smoky brown, ovoid, somewhat elongate; dorsal surface weakly shining, with uniformly distributed, reclining, silky setae intermixed with uniformly distributed, brownish setae. Head smoky brown, with rather uniformly distributed, short, slivery, reclining setae; vertex in female narrowly pale brown along inner margin of eye (Fig. 19); clypeus slightly produced and pointed in front. Antenna dark brown; segment II almost uniformly darkened; extreme base of segment III yellowish brown. Labium shiny reddish brown; apical half of segment IV darkened. Pronotum relatively shining; scutellum brown, lighter than pronotum; pleura chocolate brown; ventral margin of propleuron yellowish brown; scent efferent system pale grayish yellow, subtriangular, with a small, ear-like process posterior to ostiole (Fig. 14). Hemelytron somber brown, paler than pronotum; cuneus somewhat tinged with red; membrane including veins pale smoky brown, semitransparent. Coxae and legs somber brown; bases and apices of pro- and mesocoxae more or less pale brown; apical 1/3 of each femur and all tibiae yellowish brown; tibial spines dark brown; tarsi pale brown; proportion of metatarsomeres I–III = 10: 15: 16. Abdomen dark brown, with ventral median part somewhat paler (Figs 7, 8). Male genitalia (Figs 33–35): Left paramere splayed-out, with a sharp hypophysis (Fig. 33); right paramere not enlarged as seen in R. paracastaneae (Figs 29 vs. 33); apex of phallotheca distinctly keeled (Fig. 34); endosoma distinct in form, strongly bifurcate, with secondary blade winged and spinulate from middle to apex (Fig. 35). Female genitalia (Figs 41–43): Sclerotized ring widened, rectangular (Fig. 41); medioventral extension of ventral labiate plate similar to R. berastagi (Fig. 39) but more inflated and bulbous apically (Fig. 43). Measurements. See Table 1. Etymology. Named for the type locality of this new species, Malaya (Malaysia); latinized as an adjective. Collecting circumstances. This new species was collected at a mercury light trap, facing toward a dense, primary tropical rain forest. Distribution. West (Peninsular) Malaysia (Pahang and Perak) (Fig. 64).Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Jsps, 2017, Two new species of the phyline plant bug genus Randallopsallus from Southeast Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), pp. 457-471 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on pages 469-470, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0085, http://zenodo.org/record/531896

Callomecyna tigrinula Holzschuh 1999

Callomecyna tigrinula Holzschuh, 1999 (Figs 5–6) Callomecyna tigrinula Holzschuh, 1999: 44, Abb. 61. Type locality: China, Sichuan Prov., Mt. Emei-shan. Type material examined. HOLOTYPE (Holzschuh Coll., Figs 5–6):J, ‘ CHINA, Sichuan, Emei Shan, / 2400– 2000m, 21. VI. 1994, / leg. C. Holzschuh // HOLOTYPUS / Callomecyna / tigurinula n. sp. / det. C. Holzschuh 1999 ’. Distribution. China (Sichuan) (HOLZSCHUH 1999).Published as part of Yamasako, Junsuke, Chou, Wen-I & Jsps, 2014, A new species of the genus Callomecyna from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), pp. 251-256 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 54 (1) on page 255, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.529962

Randallopsallus paracastaneae Yasunaga 2013

Randallopsallus paracastaneae Yasunaga, 2013 (Figs 1, 11–13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 27, 28–32, 44–46, 51–54, 64) Randallopsallus paracastaneae Yasunaga,2013:197 (sp. nov.); YASUNAGA et al.(2016): 445 (status of type depository). Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, THAILAND: NAKHON RATCHASIMA: Wang Nam Khiao, Udom Sap, Sakaerat Environmental Research Station (SERS), N14.507645 E101.927677, 410 m alt., UV light trap, 15–16 Sep 2008, T. Yasunaga (AMNH _ PBI 00379407) (DOAT). PARATYPES: Same data as for the holotype, 3 JJ 5 ♀♀ (AMNH _ PBI 00379408–00379415) (AMNH, CNC & TYCN); same data, except for date 28 Oct 2008, T. Yasunaga, 1 J 1 ♀ (00379416–00379417) (TYCN), and 31 May 2012, T. Yasunaga, 1 ♀ (00379498) (TYCN). Additional material examined. THAILAND: Same locality (SERS), UV light trap, 12 Dec 2015, T. Yasunaga, 2 JJ 4 ♀♀ (TYCN, without USIs). Diagnosis. Recognized by its moderate size; antennal segment II more than four times as long as I; dark apical 2/5–1/3 of basally yellowish brown antennal segment II; scent efferent system with a distinct knob (Fig. 24); uniformly chocolate (in fresh specimen reddish) brown metacoxa and metafemur; short metatarsomere I (proportion of metatarsomeres I–III = 2: 4: 5); and distinctive form of male (Figs 28–32) and female (Figs 44–46) genitalia. See YASUNAGA (2013) for detailed description. Measurements. See Table 1. Biology. Collection records suggest R. paracastaneae has at least two generations per year; fresh adult individuals (Fig. 1, females with the reddish femora, and Fig. 12) were collected by using UV light trap in May, September and December. Distribution. Central Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima).Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Jsps, 2017, Two new species of the phyline plant bug genus Randallopsallus from Southeast Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), pp. 457-471 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 463, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0085, http://zenodo.org/record/531896

A new species of the genus Callomecyna from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Yamasako, Junsuke, Chou, Wen-I, Jsps (2014): A new species of the genus Callomecyna from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 54 (1): 251-256, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.529962

Callomecyna Tippmann 1955

Callomecyna Tippmann, 1955 Callomecyna Tippmann, 1955: 125. Type species: Callomecyna superba Tippmann, 1955, by original designation. Mimoxenoleoides Breuning, 1963: 82. Type species: Mimoxenoleoides fasciculosa Breuning, 1963, by original designation. Synonymized by BREUNING (1965: 30).Published as part of Yamasako, Junsuke, Chou, Wen-I & Jsps, 2014, A new species of the genus Callomecyna from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), pp. 251-256 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 54 (1) on page 252, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.529962