Didactique de la traduction à l'Univeristé: réflexions sur quelques éléments de base

El término «teoría» hace referencia a una concepción intelectual que se fundamenta en tendencias hipotéticas o sintéticas. En la práctica, viene de lo empírico, experimental y pragmático, es decir, de la realización de la actividad traductora. Este hecho nos lleva a plantearnos cómo conseguir que el alumno sea capaz de construir metodológicamente su conocimiento y saber hacer traductor. En otras palabras, nos conduce a una reflexión sobre la teoría de la traducción y su contribución a la enseñanza/aprendizaje de la traducción en la Universidad. Dentro del marco de la teoría de la traducción, esto se categorizaría bajo la denominación de «Estudios de Traducción». Por este motivo, encuadramos nuestra reflexión en un marco metodológico en busca de un análisis conceptual mediante el cuestionamiento de los conceptos de linguística contrastiva y proceso cognitivo de traducción, y lo que se entiende por verbalización y reformulación.G.I. HUM 767 (ayudas a Grupos de Investigación de la Junta de Andalucía) / Editorial Comares (colección interlingua

Thirty years of heterogeneous vehicle routing

It has been around thirty years since the heterogeneous vehicle routing problem was introduced, and significant progress has since been made on this problem and its variants. The aim of this survey paper is to classify and review the literature on heterogeneous vehicle routing problems. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of the metaheuristic algorithms that have been proposed for these problems

Stochastic vehicle routing with random time dependent travel times subject to perturbations

Assigning and scheduling vehicle routes in a stochastic time dependent environment is a crucial management problem. The assumption that in a real-life environment everything goes according to an a priori determined static schedule is unrealistic, resulting in a planning gap (i.e. difference in performance between planned route and actual route). Our methodology introduces the traffic congestion component based on queueing theory, thereby introducing an analytical expression for the expected travel. In real life travel times are subject to uncertainty, we solve a time dependent vehicle routing problem to find robust solutions, that can potentially absorb such uncertainties. We model uncertainty as perturbations that are randomly inserted on the routes, we optimize the perturbed solutions via Tabu Search. We conduct experiments on a set of 32 cities, and found that the perturbed solutions generally cope better with the uncertainty than the non-perturbed solutions, with a small increase in expected travel times

Time and timing in vehicle routing problems

The distribution of goods to a set of geographically dispersed customers is a common problem faced by carrier companies, well-known as the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The VRP consists of finding an optimal set of routes that minimizes total travel times for a given number of vehicles with a fixed capacity. Given the demand of each customer and a depot, the optimal set of routes should adhere to the following conditions: ?? Each customer is visited exactly once by exactly one vehicle. ?? All vehicle routes start and end at the depot. ?? Every route has a total demand not exceeding the vehicle capacity. The travel times between any two potential locations are given as input to the problem. Consequently, the total travel is computed by summing up the travel time over the chosen routes. In reality, carrier companies are faced with a number of other issues not conveyed in the VRP. The research in this thesis introduces a number of realistic variants of the VRP. These variants consider the VRP as a core component and incorporate additional features. By definition the VRP is NP-hard. Throughout the years a vast amount of research was aimed at developing both exact and heuristic solution procedures. Building on this established literature, solution procedures are developed to fit the variants proposed in this thesis. The standard VRP considers that the travel time between any pair of locations is constant throughout the day. However, congestion is present in most road networks. Considering traffic congestion results in time-dependent travel times, where the travel time between two location depends not only on the distance between them but also on the time of day one chooses to traverse this distance. Time-dependent travel times are considered in Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis. Thus, in these Chapters we incorporate the time dimension into the VRP. The standard VRP does not take into account any customer service aspect. The customers are presumed to be available to receive their goods upon arrival of the vehicles. However, a number of carrier companies quote their expected arrival time to their customers. We introduce the concept of self-imposed time windows (SITW). SITW reflect the fact that the carrier company decides on when to visit the customer and communicates this to the customer. Once a time window is quoted to a customer the carrier company strives to provide service within this time window. SITW differ from time windows in the widely studied VRP with time windows (VRPTW), as the latter are exogenous constraints. In Chapters 4 and 5 SITW are endogenous decisions in stochastic environments. Thus, in addition to the sequencings decisions required by the VRP further timing decisions are needed. This thesis extends the VRP in two major dimensions: time-dependent travel times and self-imposed time windows. In reality carrier companies are faced with various uncertainties. The presented models incorporated some of these uncertainties by addressing three stochastic aspects: (I) In Chapter 3 stochastic service times are considered. (II) In Chapter 4, stochasticity in travel time is modeled to describes variability caused by random events such as car accidents or vehicle break down. (III) Finally, in Chapter 5 the objective was to construct a long term plan for providing consistent service to reoccurring customers. Stochasticity in this thesis is treated in an a priori manner. The plan, consisting of routes and timing decisions where necessary, is determined beforehand and is not modified according to the realization of the random events. Chapter 2 addresses environmental concerns by studying CO2 emissions in a timedependent vehicle routing problem environment. In addition to the decisions required for the assignment and scheduling of customers to vehicles, the vehicle speed limit is considered. The emissions per kilometer as a function of speed, is a function with a unique minimum speed v*. However, we show that limiting vehicle speed to this v* might be sub-optimal, in terms of total emissions. We adapted a Tabu search procedure for the proposed model. Furthermore, upper and lower bounds on the total amount of emissions that may be saved are presented. Quantifying the tradeoff between minimizing travel time as opposed to CO2 emissions is an important contribution. Another important contribution lies in incorporating fuel costs in the optimization. As fuel costs are correlated with CO2 emissions, Chapter 2 shows that even in today’s cost structure limiting vehicle speeds is beneficial. Chapter 3 defines the perturbed time-dependent VRP (P-TDVRP) model which is designed to handle unexpected delays at the various customer locations. A solution method that combines disruptions in a Tabu Search procedure is proposed. In Chapter 3 we identify situations capable of absorbing delays. i.e. where inserting a delay will lead to an increase in travel time that is less than the delay length itself. Based on this, assumptions with respect to the solution structure of P-TDVRP are formulated and validated. Furthermore, most experiments showed that the additional travel time required by the P-TDVRP, when compared to the travel time required by the TDVRP, was justified. In Chapter 4 the notion of self imposed time windows is defined and embedded in the VRP-SITW model. The objective of this problem is to minimize delay costs (caused by late arrivals at customers) as well as traveling time. The problem is optimized under various disruptions in travel times. The basic mechanism of dealing with these disruptions is allocating time buffers throughout the routes. Thus, additional timing decisions are taken. The time buffers attempt to reduce potential damage of disruptions. The solution approach combines a linear programming model with a local search heuristic. In Chapter 4, two main types of experiments were conducted: one compares the VRP with VRP-SITW while the other compares VRPTW with VRPSITW. The first set of experiments assessed the increase in operational costs caused by incorporating SITW in the VRP. The second set of experiments enabled evaluating the savings in operational costs by using flexible time windows, when compared to the VRPTW. Chapter 5 extends the customer service dimension by considering the consistent vehicle routing problem. Consistency is defined by having the same driver visiting the same customers at roughly the same time. As such, two main dimensions of consistency are identified in the literature, driver- and temporal consistency. In Chapter 5, driver consistency is imposed by having the same driver visit the same customers. Furthermore, we impose temporal consistency by SITW. A stochastic programming formulation is presented for the consistent VRP with stochastic customers. An exact solution method is proposed by adapting the 0-1 integer L- shaped algorithm to the problem. The method was able to solve the majority of test instances to optimality

ONLINE SAFETY AND RISKS: INSIGHTS FROM SAUDI FEMALE STUDENTS AND MOTHERS

This study investigates the digital engagement and online safety perceptions of Saudi female students aged 12 to 17, set against the backdrop of the Kingdom's unique socio-cultural context. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combines surveys and interviews, the research delves into internet usage patterns, device preferences, online activities, and perceptions of online risks and safety among this demographic. Key findings reveal that Saudi girls exhibit extensive internet use, with older adolescents particularly active during weekends and holidays. The home predominates as the primary internet access point, with smartphones being the device of choice. Online activities span entertainment, education, socialization, community participation, creative expression, and commercial interactions, highlighting a multifaceted digital engagement. Concerns about online risks, including exposure to inappropriate content, interactions with strangers, and cyber threats, are prevalent among both girls and their mothers, with mothers typically perceiving the internet as less safe. Despite these concerns, the study uncovers a robust support system for online safety at home and in schools, with parents, especially mothers, playing a crucial role in mediation, alongside varying degrees of school involvement. The findings underscore the complex interplay between digital engagement, perceived online risks, and safety mediation strategies within the Saudi context. They emphasize the need for comprehensive online safety education and tailored interventions that resonate with the cultural and developmental realities of young Saudi girls. This research contributes to the global discourse on youth digital engagement, offering insights into the nuanced digital experiences of Saudi girls and the pivotal role of familial and educational support in navigating the digital landscape safely and effectively

The effects of perspective-taking on perceptual learning

Research in perceptual psychology and anthropology has demonstrated that experts will literally see objects and events in their domain differently than non-experts. Experts can make distinctions and notice subtleties that a novice does not perceive. Experts also have strategies for looking at data and artifacts in a domain; they know where to look so that they can answer the important questions. An expert perspective can be described as the ways of seeing and experiencing phenomena that are influenced by the specialized knowledge that an expert has. The present paper will survey the existing literature on perspective-taking and learning, with a short discussion at the end of some of the ways that existing technologies have been used to support the sharing of perspectives. Of particular interest in this paper is the potential to use new media technologies to convey the perspective of someone with specialized knowledge or insider information on an important event - a viewpoint that could be termed an "expert perspective"

Investigating pathomechanisms underlying malformations of human cortical development

During human development the brain has to form a complex neuronal network requiring a well-orchestrated sequence of neurogenesis, neuronal migration and correct positioning within cortical layers followed by synaptogenesis. Malformations associated with cortical development (MCD) can be the result of interferences with one or several elements of this sequence and subsequently lead to different manifestations of MCD with severe consequences including epilepsy, cognitive impairment and intellectual deficiency. In order to investigate the resulting cortical disorganization various mouse models have been used to approximate pathological human corticogenesis. Numerous aspects of MCD can be recapitulated in mouse models making it possible to draw conclusions regarding underlying pathomechanisms. These models are limited in regard of human specific aspects of brain development though. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and three-dimensional (3D) organoid cell culture enables scientists to circumvent the limitations of mouse models and to address human specific features of MCD in a spatio-temporal context. The capability of self-organization in combination with the patterning into forebrain organoids makes it a suitable in vitro system to study early corticogenesis and linked developmental disorders in a human context. In addition, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq.) technologies it becomes possible to resolve the cytoarchitecture of organoids in order to look at the cell composition on single cell based resolution. Information based on single cell transriptomic data allows us to deconstruct the 3D model into different cell types and identify aspects of pathological mechanisms adding up to findings acquired by the repertoire of molecular biology methods. The beginning of this compendium describes the protocol we developed for the generation of standardized and reproducible forebrain-type organoids from hiPSC, constituting the prerequisite for the investigation of two distinct forms of MCD found in humans. One of these two studies deals with the characterization and underlying pathomechanism of a form of lissencephaly induced by the heterozygous loss of the genes PAFAH1B1 and YWHAE, called Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Using iPSC- derived organoids from Miller-Dieker-syndrome patients a disturbance of the cortical niche was identified, which leads to alterations in N-cadherin/ b-catenin signaling consequently leading to a non-cell autonomous radial glia cell expansion defect. Moreover, with this study we demonstrate a proof of concept regarding the use of our organoid protocol for disease modeling in vitro.The subsequent part of this compendium is a study in which the role of the Echinoderm Microtubule-Associated Protein-like 1 (Eml1/EML1) gene in subcortical heterotopia formation is investigated in an in vivo context. With the help of a Heterotopic Cortex (HeCo) mutant mouse model and human patient fibroblasts as well as hiPSC derived cortical progenitors, heterotopia formation driver as well as a potentially underlying primary cilia and Golgi apparatus phenotype were identified. As mentioned before, mouse model can reflect certain aspects of human cortical development but it remains challenging to recapitulate human specific features of neurodevelopmental disorders. The last part of this compendium focuses on the formation of subcortical heterotopia in human patients, characterized by the presence of abnormally positioned neurons, alongside megalencephaly and polymicrogyria induced by mutations in the aforementioned gene EML1. Investigation of iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from EML1-patients and EML1-KO lines showed so far unrecognized abundance of perturbed progenitor cells with increased basal radial glia cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression profiles in the heterotopic area. This cell population additionally displayed a massive aberrant YAP1 mediated expansion. Congruencies of major phenotypic findings in hiPSC-derived organoids and the HeCo mouse model reinforces not only the idea that forebrain-type organoids reflect in vivo results, but it also emphasizes the synergistic and complementary potential of our in vitro model by bridging an evolutionary gap. Taken together, the studies presented in this compendium deliver greater insight into human MCD mechanisms and support the idea that organoid-based systems serve as promising models to study early human cortical development and associated disorders