Inducible viral receptor, A possible concept to induce viral protection in primitive immune animals

A pseudolysogen (PL) is derived from the lysogenic Vibrio harveyi (VH) which is infected with the VHS1 (Vibrio harveyi Siphoviridae-like 1) bacteriophage. The lysogenic Vibrio harveyi undergoes an unequivalent division of the extra-chromosomal VHS1 phage genome and its VH host chromosome and produces a true lysogen (TL) and pseudolysogen (PL). The PL is tolerant to super-infection of VHS1, as is of the true lysogen (TL), but the PL does not contain the VHS1 phage genome while the TL does. However, the PL can become susceptible to VHS1 phage infection if the physiological state of the PL is changed. It is postulated that this is due to a phage receptor molecule which can be inducible to an on-and-off regulation influence by an alternating condition of the bacterial host cell. This characteristic of the PL leads to speculate that this phenomenon can also occur in high organisms with low immunity such as shrimp. This article proposes a hypothesis that the viral receptor molecule on the target cell can play a crucial role in which the invertebrate aquaculture animals can become tolerant to viral infection. A possible mechanism may be that the target cell disrupts the viral receptor molecule to prevent super infection. This concept can explain a mechanism for the prevention of viral infection in invertebrate animals which do not have acquired immunity in response to pathogens. It can guide us to develop a mechanism of immunity to viral infection in low-evolved-immune animals. Also, it can be an additional mechanism that exists in high immune organism, as in human for the prevention of viral infectio

Comparative analysis of the performance of a locally fabricated saturated Cu-CuSO4 cell with an imported cell in the investigation of rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to different types of deterioration caused by the attack of destructive processes of chemical, physical or mechanical origin acting extensively or arising internally. Corrosion is a type of deterioration of metal by direct chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Steel is a metal which is prone to corrosion. But in sound reinforced concrete structure, steel is physically and chemically protected by the alkaline nature of the concrete cover. Lowering the pH of the concrete cover destroys the protective property in relation to the embeded rebars thus making the bars prone to corrosion.Since the Philippines is exposed to several corro-sive environment as a result of the country\u27s industrialization and also by natural causes, the importance of gathering quantitative and qualitative data in the harm imparted by any type of environment in the metal structures must be given an appropriate attention. Responding to this need, this study concerns itself in the determination of corrosion on embedded steel bars by means of a non-destructive corrosion monitoring.Field samples exposed from different types of environment will be tested simultaneously with laboratory samples. Potential readings are determined by the use of a locally fabricated copper-copper sulfate electrode half cell. Readings from this electrode will be compared to the readings obtained from the imported electrode as a means to test if the locally fabricated cell will be reliable. Visual inspection of the metal is done by exposing from its cover to confirm if the corrosion state-corresponds to the readings obtained