Diurnal and seasonal air ion variability at rural station Ramanandnagar (17A°2'N, 74A°E), India

High-energy radiations, such as alpha and beta particles or gamma radiation, ionize air molecules into pairs of positive ions and free electrons. The diurnal and seasonal variations of these air ions were measured for the first time at a rural monitoring station in Ramanandnagar (17°2'N, 74°E), India, and the urban tropical station in Pune (18°31'N, 73°55'E) from June 2007 to May 2008. Air ion concentrations, measured using a Gerdien condenser at Pune station, increased from nighttime and reached maximum in the early morning. Compared to Pune, air ion concentration and positive-to-negative air ion ratios at Ramanandnagar increased from morning and reach maximum in the afternoon (12:00-14:00). Plant transpiration and waves in the flooded Krishna River during July-September 2007 were determined as additional sources of atmospheric ion production at Ramanandnagar. Intensive temperature inversion during winter lead to the accumulation of radon and radioactive aerosols near the Earth's surface, and hence increased the rate of ionization. Annual peaks of positive/negative ion maxima and positive-to-negative small ion ratios were observed in January 2008. It was also observed that as human activities increased, more aerosol particles were introduced into the atmosphere between 12:00-14:00 hours, during which time the average positive-to-negative air ion ratio reached peak values. During summer, radioactive gases moved upward, carrying radon and radioactive aerosols, and thereby reducing ionization. Results show a decrease in average positive and negative small ion maxima from February 2008 to May 2008

Air ion variation at Poultry-farm, coastal, mountain, rural and urban sites in India

The air ions are continuously generated and destroyed by various processes in the atmosphere. Near the surface, the nature of ions is very complex and they show large variations in their physical properties. The attachment of small ions to the aerosol particles is depending on the mobility of air ions. High mobility air ions immediately are attached to the aerosol particles and settle down on the surface. In this study we report, about the air ion variation at different sites like Rural, Coastal, Mountain, Poultry farm and urban in the state of Maharashtra in India. The aim of this study is to understand the plausible distribution of air ions both diurnally and at different times in a day for long time (three years) and with various meteorological variables. The preliminary analysis of the data has reveled that negative air ions are observed to have attached to the aerosol particles and large aerosol particles are formed from small aerosol particles. Therefore uni-polarity factor observed to be below unity for coastal, mountain and rural site and about 2.8 at an urban site. However worst case is observed at the Poultry farm, where uni-polarity factor is 6.3, which is very harmful for human health. There is also effect of meteorological parameters on air ion concentration in the atmosphere

Vertical Beam Formation for an Active Antenna System

This paper pin points on the concept of the beamformation method which is used for the advanced wireless broadband movable systems. Beamformation is a signal indulgence technique which is used in device arrays for direction-finding signal transmission or response The radiation pattern of antenna array is created by adding up the stages of the signals in the desired direction and also by invalidating the pattern in the disagreeable direction. Adaptive beamformation is a method in which an array of antennas is conquered to achieve tremendous reaction in a crystal-clear direction. The reception beamformation is achieved in parallel at each receiver while in the transmit beamformation, the transmitter has to take into account all the receivers to optimize the beamforming output. While receiving, the grouping of the data from diverse sensors is done in such a way that, the most wanted guide of radiation is practical. The methods such as the Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) and Linear constraint minimum variance (LCMV) are second hand to increase the data rates, competence, null steering and also exposure of the cellular system using several beamformation. These two methods depend upon the acknowledge weight vector of the wanted signal. The reproduction product reveals that for all the better-quality LCMV beamformation mitigate the multipath fading problem by addition of the multipath signal which amplifies strength of desired signal. This paper represents a single M mobile user and one base station having fourfactor antenna range. Beamformation has proved itself in provided that profit for next generation mobile system and plays a considerable role in next generation mobile networks. &nbsp

Método de RP-HPLC para la estimación simultánea de atorvastatina cálcica y ramipril de plasma.

Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) loaded with ketoprofen were prepared by single emulsion-solvent evaporation method, in which glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 were employed. The particle size was found to be 99.80±2.1μm. Microparticles observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed spherical shape. The entrapment efficiency (EE %) and drug loading capacity (DL %) were found to be 72.60±1.6 % and 17.98±0.7% respectively. Results of stability evaluation showed relatively long term stability after storage at 4˚C for 3 months. The in-vivo study revealed slightly better per cent inhibition of pain i.e. 74% in comparison with 68% produced by plain drug.Las micropartículas lipídicas sólidas (MLS) cargadas con ketoprofeno se prepararon a través del método de evaporación del disolvente en emulsión simple, en el que se ha utilizado monoestearato de glicerilo y Tween 80. El tamaño de la partícula resultó ser de 99,80±2,1 μm. Las micropartículas observadas a través del microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) mostraron una forma esférica. La eficacia de captura (EC %) y la capacidad de carga (CC %) del fármaco resultaron ser del 72,60±1,6% y 17,98±0,7%, respectivamente. Los resultados de la evaluación de estabilidad mostraron una estabilidad relativa a largo plazo, después de una conservación a 4˚C durante 3 meses. El estudio in vivo reveló un ligero mejor porcentaje en la inhibición del dolor, concretamente, un 74% en comparación con un 68% producido por un fármaco corriente

An avian influenza A(H11N1) virus from a wild aquatic bird revealing a unique Eurasian-American genetic reassortment

Influenza surveillance in different wild bird populations is critical for understanding the persistence, transmission and evolution of these viruses. Avian influenza (AI) surveillance was undertaken in wild migratory and resident birds during the period 2007–2008, in view of the outbreaks of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 in poultry in India since 2006. In this study, we present the whole genome sequence data along with the genetic and virological characterization of an Influenza A(H11N1) virus isolated from wild aquatic bird for the first time from India. The virus was low pathogenicity and phylogenetic analysis revealed that it was distinct from reported H11N1 viruses. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed maximum similarity with A/semipalmatedsandpiper/Delaware/2109/2000 (H11N6) and A/shorebird/Delaware/236/2003(H11N9) while the neuraminidase (NA) gene showed maximum similarity with A/duck/Mongolia/540/2001(H1N1). The virus thus possessed an HA gene of the American lineage. The NA and other six genes were of the Eurasian lineage and showed closer relatedness to non-H11 viruses. Such a genetic reassortment is unique and interesting, though the pathways leading to its emergence and its future persistence in the avian reservoir is yet to be fully established

Novel microwell-based spectrophotometric assay for determination of atorvastatin calcium in its pharmaceutical formulations

The formation of a colored charge-transfer (CT) complex between atorvastatin calcium (ATR-Ca) as a n-electron donor and 2, 3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a π-electron acceptor was investigated, for the first time. The spectral characteristics of the CT complex have been described, and the reaction mechanism has been proved by computational molecular modeling. The reaction was employed in the development of a novel microwell-based spectrophotometric assay for determination of ATR-Ca in its pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed assay was carried out in 96-microwell plates. The absorbance of the colored-CT complex was measured at 460 nm by microwell-plate absorbance reader. The optimum conditions of the reaction and the analytical procedures of the assay were established. Under the optimum conditions, linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.9995) was found between the absorbance and the concentration of ATR-Ca in the range of 10-150 μg/well. The limits of detection and quantitation were 5.3 and 15.8 μg/well, respectively. No interference was observed from the additives that are present in the pharmaceutical formulation or from the drugs that are co-formulated with ATR-Ca in its combined formulations. The assay was successfully applied to the analysis of ATR-Ca in its pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy and precision. The assay described herein has great practical value in the routine analysis of ATR-Ca in quality control laboratories, as it has high throughput property, consumes minimum volume of organic solvent thus it offers the reduction in the exposures of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, and reduction in the analysis cost by 50-fold. Although the proposed assay was validated for ATR-Ca, however, the same methodology could be used for any electron-donating analyte for which a CT reaction can be performed

Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea was labeled as an orphan crop but is now a trendy and pacesetter, with ample genetic and genomic information becoming available in recent times. It is now possible to cross wild relatives not only from the Cajanus group placed in the secondary and tertiary gene pool but also the related genera placed in the quaternary gene pool. This is no small achievement for a legume which is an important crop of Asia and Africa and plays a major role in the diet of majority of the people of this region. The need of the hour is further committed research on wide crosses in pigeonpea

Synergistic degradation of diazo dye Direct Red 5B by Portulaca grandiflora and Pseudomonas putida

Plants and bacterial consortium of Portulaca grandiflora and Pseudomonas putida showed complete decolorization of a sulfonated diazo dye Direct Red 5B within 72 h, while in vitro cultures of P. grandiflora and P. putida independently showed 92 and 81 % decolorization within 96 h, respectively. A significant induction in the activities of lignin peroxidase, tyrosinase, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reductase and riboflavin reductase was observed in the roots of P. grandiflora during dye decolorization; whereas, the activities of laccase, veratryl alcohol oxidase and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reductase were induced in the cells of P. putida. Plant and bacterial enzymes in the consortium gave an enhanced decolorization of Direct Red 5B synergistically. The metabolites formed after dye degradation analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography confirmed the biotransformation of Direct Red 5B. Differential fate of metabolism of Direct Red 5B by P. grandiflora, P. putida and their consortium were proposed with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis. P. grandiflora metabolized the dye to give 1-(4-diazenylphenyl)-2-phenyldiazene, 7-(benzylamino) naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 7-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and methylbenzene. P. putida gave 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid and 4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and benzamide. Consortium showed the formation of benzenesulfonic acid, 4-diazenylphenol, 6-aminonaphthalen-1-ol, methylbenzene and naphthalen-1-ol. Consortium achieved an enhanced and efficient degradation of Direct Red 5B. Phytotoxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of metabolites formed after parent dye degradation. Use of such combinatorial systems of plant and bacteria could prove to be an effective and efficient strategy for the removal of textile dyes from soil and waterways

All-sky search for continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars in the early O3 LIGO data

We report on an all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves in the frequency band 20-2000 Hz and with a frequency time derivative in the range of [-1.0,+0.1]×10-8 Hz/s. Such a signal could be produced by a nearby, spinning and slightly nonaxisymmetric isolated neutron star in our Galaxy. This search uses the LIGO data from the first six months of Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observational run, O3. No periodic gravitational wave signals are observed, and 95% confidence-level (C.L.) frequentist upper limits are placed on their strengths. The lowest upper limits on worst-case (linearly polarized) strain amplitude h0 are ∼1.7×10-25 near 200 Hz. For a circularly polarized source (most favorable orientation), the lowest upper limits are ∼6.3×10-26. These strict frequentist upper limits refer to all sky locations and the entire range of frequency derivative values. For a population-averaged ensemble of sky locations and stellar orientations, the lowest 95% C.L. upper limits on the strain amplitude are ∼1.4×10-25. These upper limits improve upon our previously published all-sky results, with the greatest improvement (factor of ∼2) seen at higher frequencies, in part because quantum squeezing has dramatically improved the detector noise level relative to the second observational run, O2. These limits are the most constraining to date over most of the parameter space searched

Erratum: "Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015–2017 LIGO Data" (2019, ApJ, 879, 10)

This is a correction for 2019 ApJ 879 1