From SALT to START: Compliance behavior and the evolution of bargaining methodology in Soviet-American strategic arms diplomacy, 1972-1989.

This dissertation examines the development of Soviet-American strategic arms diplomacy from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. It argues that bargaining activity during this period produced an evolving set of operative principles, or a "methodology" of strategic arms diplomacy, which has bridged particular agreements and has tended to drive policymakers into recurring patterns of choice throughout the process. It further argues that compliance behavior has played a key role in stimulating adjustments in bargaining methodology, because both sides have pursued successive negotiations against a background of accumulating experience under the terms of older agreements. Chapter 1 introduces the dissertation's central arguments and discusses the links between compliance behavior and bargaining methodology. Chapter 2 identifies factors that may have compliance-enhancing and -inhibiting effects, and argues that treaty-constrained behavior is best viewed as a product of ongoing interactions among these factors. Chapter 3 explains why Soviet and U.S. compliance practices since 1972 are prone to conflicting assessments, and why these conflicts make it difficult to prove or disprove competing hypotheses regarding the motivations behind such behavior on the Soviet side. This chapter also assesses the historical record in light of the several factors discussed in Chapter 2 and identifies the presence of certain "structural" frictions in the Soviet-American context which were not previously considered. The study then explicates the rule-making process. For analytical purposes it defines an agreement as a composite of: framework rules, which represent the internal structure of restraint; scope rules, which are criteria for including or excluding weapons; and verification rules, which govern procedures for monitoring compliance and sorting out problems. After discussing the formative stages of the bargaining process in Chapter 4, patterns of rule-making in each category are analyzed. Chapter 5 demonstrates that a systematic progression in framework rules governing force concentration is juxtaposed against sharp discontinuities in those governing force modernization. Chapter 6 concludes that the inevitable trade-offs between preserving flexibility for oneself versus thwarting treaty circumvention by the other side has led to recurring patterns in scope rule selection. Chapter 7 discusses trends in verification rule-making and the significance of glasnost. Chapter 8 evaluates the impact of bargaining dynamics and compliance behavior upon the rule-making process from the SALT to the START eras

Estimating WAIS IQ of Neuropsychiatric Patients at Three Educational Levels

In this study the relative accuracy of the WAIS Vocabulary subtest and the Shipley Scale subtests, Conceptual Quotient (CQ), and Shipley Total Score to predict WAIS Full Scale IQ in three groups of 48 each mixed male neuropsychiatric patients with different educational achievement (grammar school, high school, and college) was examined. These patients were matched on age case by case. Discharge diagnoses across the three groups were similar. The WAIS Vocabulary was a better estimate of over-all intelligence than the individual Shipley subtests and the CQ, although the Shipley Total Score seems to compare as well as WAIS Vocabulary. Observed differences in the correlations across educational groups are probably associated with the variances within each group. No evidence supports a differential prediction for Full Scale IQ based on educational achievement. These data generally support the work which suggests that WAIS Vocabulary and the Shipley Total Score can be used to obtain a brief but accurate estimate of IQ, although the role of educational achievement does not appear important enough to include in currently available formulae for predicting WAIS IQ. </jats:p