Adverse childhood experiences in women with externalisation and internalisation disorders

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the connections between adverse childhood experiences and complex post-traumatic dis-orders and attachment types in women with externalisation (addictions, crime) and internalisation disorders (anxiety disorders and mixed anxiety-depressive disorders).Participants and procedureThe methods used in the study were as follows: Adverse Childhood Experiences – International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), Fam-ily of Origin Dysfunction Scale (FODS) by Gąsior, Brier’s Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 (TSI-2) and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) by Collins and Read. The studied group comprised women (N = 159) with externalisation issues (addicted, n = 80, in-cluding the addicted and incarcerated n = 23) and with internalisation issues (n = 79). The overall results of the clinical groups were compared with the control group of women without adaptation issues (N = 129).ResultsThe examined groups of women with internalisation and externalisation disorders differ both in terms of intensity and the scope of adverse childhood experiences, as well as in complex post-traumatic stress and attachment extent. The results obtained and the conclusions drawn from the research indicate that it is necessary to include a detailed diagnosis of adverse childhood experi-ences and traumas in the therapy and social rehabilitation of women with internalisation and externalisation disorders.ConclusionsDevelopment trajectories of externalisation and internalisation issues in women in view of their adverse childhood experiences require further studies.BackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the connections between adverse childhood experiences and complex post-traumatic dis-orders and attachment types in women with externalisation (addictions, crime) and internalisation disorders (anxiety disorders and mixed anxiety-depressive disorders).Participants and procedureThe methods used in the study were as follows: Adverse Childhood Experiences – International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), Fam-ily of Origin Dysfunction Scale (FODS) by Gąsior, Brier’s Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 (TSI-2) and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) by Collins and Read. The studied group comprised women (N = 159) with externalisation issues (addicted, n = 80, in-cluding the addicted and incarcerated n = 23) and with internalisation issues (n = 79). The overall results of the clinical groups were compared with the control group of women without adaptation issues (N = 129).ResultsThe examined groups of women with internalisation and externalisation disorders differ both in terms of intensity and the scope of adverse childhood experiences, as well as in complex post-traumatic stress and attachment extent. The results obtained and the conclusions drawn from the research indicate that it is necessary to include a detailed diagnosis of adverse childhood experi-ences and traumas in the therapy and social rehabilitation of women with internalisation and externalisation disorders.ConclusionsDevelopment trajectories of externalisation and internalisation issues in women in view of their adverse childhood experiences require further studies

Psychological pain — conceptualization and measurement tools

W artykule omówiono ujęcia bólu psychicznego, jego przyczyny oraz sposoby pomiaru tej zmiennej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na koncepcję Edwina Shneidmana, zgodnie z którą ból psychiczny jest podstawowym źródłem myśli i zachowań samobójczych. Dokonano przeglądu badań wskazujących na związki bólu psychicznego z tendencjami suicydalnymi i zmiennymi osobowościowymi. W artykule zawarto również postulaty dotyczące dalszych kierunków badań nad bólem psychicznymDifferent ways of understanding the psychological pain, its causes and ways to measure this variable were described in presented article. The special attention was paid to the Edwin Shneidman’s concept in which the psychological pain is the basic source of suicide thoughts and behaviours. Studies which show the relation between the psychological pain and suicidal tendencies and personality variables were overviewed. The article also includes demands for further research on the psychological pain

Decisional balance scale - Polish adaptation and application in research of alcohol addicted

The aim of the presented study was to conduct a Polish adaptation of the Decisional Balance Scale by W. Velicer et al. The attempt was also made to answer a question about the differences in the area of decisional balance in addicts who complete or break therapy, continue abstinence after treatment and those who return to drinking. Research was conducted on 397 alcohol addicted persons who begin a therapy. Patients who completed treatment were retested in the last week of stay at the Centre. A group of people maintaining abstinence one year after the start of therapy and those who returned to drinking were distinguished. The Decisional Balance Scale by Velicer et al. and the Motivation Questionnaire to Maintain Abstinence from Alcohol by Ziółkowski were used. Results. The Polish version of the Scale was found to be reliable and valid method. Principal component analysis identified 2 factors (like in original version). Differences within a single dimension of decisional balance between people who completed and those who broke therapy were noted. In the course of therapy an increase in decisional balance scale, advantage of arguments against drinking was proved

Zapobieganie nawrotom w chorobie alkoholowej - przegląd piśmiennictwa

The article presents an overview of the conceptions and investigations on alcohol dependence relapses. Studies on variables like stress, personal resources, social, demographic and situational factors which play an important role in relapses were described. Research conducted so far seem to be insufficient, often leads to inconsistent conclusions and do not integrate different aspects of this problem. The interactive and multidimensional model of relapse need to be created. The results of empirical research should have application in therapeutic practice.W pracy dokonano przeglądu dawniejszych oraz aktualnych koncepcji i badań nad nawrotami w chorobie alkoholowej. Omówiono między innymi badania dotyczące roli stresu, radzenia sobie, zasobów osobistych, zmiennych socjodemograficznych oraz sytuacyjnych w łamaniu abstynencji przez pacjentów. Dotychczasowe poszukiwania w tej dziedzinie wydają się niewystarczające; często prowadzą do niejednoznacznych wniosków oraz nie integrują różnych ujęć omawianej problematyki. Istnieje potrzeba stworzenia interakcyjnego i wielowymiarowego modelu dotyczącego powstawania nawrotów. Wyniki badań empirycznych powinny znajdować większe niż dotychczas zastosowanie w praktyce terapeutycznej

Male depression – the concept, measurement tools and relationships with suicidal behaviours

W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję atypowych objawów depresji występujących u mężczyzn. Ważnym źródłem tej koncepcji były doświadczenia wyniesione z programu diagnozowania i leczenia depresji wprowadzonego na Gotlandii (Szwecja) w latach 80. ubiegłego stulecia. Program, skierowany do lekarzy rodzinnych, zmniejszył liczbę zachowań samobójczych wśród kobiet, ale nie wśród mężczyzn. Przyjęto, że jedną z przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy może być odmienny obraz depresji u obu płci. Różnice między płciami mogą odpowiadać za to, że depresja u mężczyzn znacznie częściej niż u kobiet pozostaje nierozpoznana i nieleczona, co prowadzi do zwiększenia liczby samobójstw. Wśród dominujących objawów depresji u mężczyzn wyróżniono wzrost impulsywności i zachowań agresywnych, nadużywanie substancji psychoaktywnych (alkohol, narkotyki, nikotyna), podejmowanie zachowań ryzykownych (jazda samochodem pod wpływem alkoholu, przypadkowe kontakty seksualne) oraz tłumienie emocji. Jako przyczyna występowania atypowej depresji u mężczyzn najczęściej wymieniane jest rygorystyczne podporządkowywanie się tradycyjnym męskim normom kulturowym. Normy te dotyczą odporności, wytrzymałości, konkurowania, opanowania i tłumienia uczuć oraz konieczności zapewnienia bytu rodzinie. W pracy omówiono najbardziej znane metody badania męskiej depresji – Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) Rutza, Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22) Rice’a i współpracowników oraz Masculine Depression Scale (MDS) Magovcevic i Addisa – a także przedstawiono wyniki badań prowadzonych z użyciem wspomnianych metod. Artykuł kończą refleksje dotyczące dalszych kierunków badań nad problemem męskiej depresji i opis kontrowersji związanych z omawianą koncepcjąThe article presents the concept of atypical symptoms of depression occurring in men. An important source of the concept is the experience of the programme of diagnosis and treatment of depression which was carried out on Gotland (Sweden) in the 1980s. The programme, which was addressed to family practitioners, led to a reduction of suicidal behaviours in women. Among men, these behaviours did not change. It was assumed that one of the reasons for such an outcome could be a different picture of depression in both sexes. These differences could be responsible for the fact that depression in men remains undiagnosed and untreated more often than among women, leading to an increased number of suicides. Increased impulsivity, aggressive behaviour, substance abuse (alcohol, drugs, nicotine), taking risky behaviours (risky driving, casual sex) and suppression of emotions were distinguished among the dominant symptoms of male depression. The rigorous submission to the traditional male cultural roles is often mentioned as the cause of atypical depression in men. These standards refer to resistance, strength, competition, control over and suppression of feelings as well as the need to provide for the family. This article presents the most common methods to study male depression, i.e. the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) by Rutz, the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22) by Rice et al. and the Masculine Depression Scale (MDS) by Magovcevic and Addis. The results of research conducted with the use of these methods are also shown. The paper ends with reflections on further research on the problem of male depression and the controversy surrounding this issue

The role of a tool in measuring negative consequences of workaholism

Background: Analyzes of negative consequences of workaholism are ambiguous, and various studies have been conducted with different measurement tools. Thus, the objective of the current research was to find the answer to the question about relationships between workaholism measured with varied tools and mental health, stress experienced in life and at work, negative affect, and work–family conflicts. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a group of 178 subjects (71 men, 107 women, aged 23–66), with a minimum work experience of 4 years. To measure workaholism 4 different research tools, based on different conceptualization of this construct, were used: Workaholism Battery (Work-Bat) by Spence and Robbins, Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) by Robinson, Scale of Workaholism as Behavioral Tendencies (SWBT) by Mudrack and Naughton, and The Scale of Being Absorbed by Work (SZAP) by Golińska. To measure possible consequences of workaholism the following tools were employed: General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) by Goldberg, Scale of Work–Family/Family–Work Conflict (WFC/FWC) by Netemeyer et al., Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) by Cohen et al., Brief Scale of Vocational Stress (BSVS) by Stanton et al. and Mood Scale by Wojciszke and Baryła. Results: The strongest relationships between workaholism and its negative consequences for the functioning of the unit can be observed using 2 diagnostic methods, respectively: WART and SZAP adapted by Golińska. Other diagnostic tools (Work-Bat and SWBT) have insignificant relationships with possible negative consequences of workaholism. Conclusions: The applied method of measuring workaholism seems to be of great importance in predicting possible consequences-different conceptualizations of phenomena leading to different results, which is important for researchers and practitioners involved in the issue of workaholism. There is a need for further work on the conceptualization and operationalization of the workaholism phenomenon. Med Pr 2016;67(4):467–47

Wczesne nieadaptacyjne schematy a poziom depresji u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu

Celem przeprowadzonego badania było sprawdzenie, czy istnieje związek między wczesnymi nieadaptacyjnymi schematami wyróżnionymi przez Younga i współpracowników a depresją u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Podjęto też próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o związki schematów z wybranymi zmiennymi dotyczącymi uzależnienia od alkoholu, a także występowaniem tendencji suicydalnych u alkoholików. Materiał i metody: W badaniu wzięło udział 77 osób uzależnionych od alkoholu – 19 kobiet oraz 58 mężczyzn. Zastosowano Kwestionariusz Schematów Younga (Young Schema Questionnaire, YSQ-S3), Skalę Depresji Becka (Beck’s Depression Inventory, BDI), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Wyniki: Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników można stwierdzić, iż 16 z 18 schematów jest powiązanych dodatnio i istotnie statystycznie z poziomem depresji u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Najsilniejsze związki odnotowano w przypadku schematu deprywacji emocjonalnej, izolacji/wyobcowania i podporządkowania. Stwierdzono także związki schematów z głębokością uzależnienia oraz wiekiem rozpoczęcia picia. Różnice w natężeniu niektórych schematów występowały również między osobami doświadczającymi myśli samobójczych i osobami bez tych myśli. Wnioski: Należy rozważyć włączenie do terapii odwykowej pracy ukierunkowanej na zmiany destrukcyjnych schematów poznawczych występujących u osób uzależnionych. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza schematu izolacji społecznej, deprywacji emocjonalnej i podporządkowania. Istnieje również potrzeba prowadzenia dalszych badań tego obszaru problemowego.The purpose of the study was to determine whether a link exists between early maladaptive schemas identified by Young et al. and depression in alcoholics. The relationships of schemas with selected alcohol dependence variables and suicidal thoughts in alcoholics were also checked. Material and methods: Seventy-seven alcohol addicts participated in the study – 19 women and 58 men. Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were used. Results: Based on the results obtained, 16 out of 18 schemas are positively and statistically correlated with depression among alcoholics. The strongest relationships were noted for emotional deprivation, social isolation/alienation and subjugation. Correlations between the schemas and the severity of addiction and the age of drinking initiation were also found. Differences in the intensity of some schemas occurred between people experiencing suicidal thoughts and people without these thoughts. Conclusions: There is a need to consider inclusion therapy focused on changing maladaptive schemas in alcoholics. This is especially true of the schemas of social isolation, emotional deprivation and subjugation. There is also a need for further research in this area

Life satisfaction and health related quality of life – the same or a different construct? A survey in psoriasis patients

BackgroundNumerous literature data evaluating quality of life in dermatological patients demonstrate this parameter to be considerably decreased. Psoriasis is among most studied dermatological disorders, demonstrating decreased quality of life in all examined dimensions. However, there are inconsistent data on disease influence, health related quality of life (HRQoL) and life satisfaction in psoriatic patients. The aims of the study were the following: a) to determine the level of general life satisfaction and HRQoL in psoriasis patients; b) to differentiate factors combined with life satisfaction and HRQoL assessment and determine whether the same variables are connected with life satisfaction and HRQoL. The general life satisfaction and HRQoL are response variables. Age and sex of the patients, educational status, disease severity, expressed as Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), marital status, pruritus severity, disease duration, and family history of psoriasis (explanatory variables) were taken into consideration too.Participants and procedureThe study comprised 97 psoriasis inpatients. The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (FLZ) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were used.ResultsPsoriatic patients demonstrated decreased life satisfaction and HRQoL in all domains. Psoriasis patients who had partners evaluated life satisfaction in Health, Financial situation, Myself, Accommodation and Sex domains as much better than singles. Total life satisfaction and HRQoL decreased with age. The study has shown that life satisfaction is different from HRQoL.ConclusionsThe observation that total life satisfaction is not strongly determined only by medical/somatic factors could be regarded as a valuable insight for further research to determine why the majority of dermatological patients are not fully compliant.BackgroundNumerous literature data evaluating quality of life in dermatological patients demonstrate this parameter to be considerably decreased. Psoriasis is among most studied dermatological disorders, demonstrating decreased quality of life in all examined dimensions. However, there are inconsistent data on disease influence, health related quality of life (HRQoL) and life satisfaction in psoriatic patients. The aims of the study were the following: a) to determine the level of general life satisfaction and HRQoL in psoriasis patients; b) to differentiate factors combined with life satisfaction and HRQoL assessment and determine whether the same variables are connected with life satisfaction and HRQoL. The general life satisfaction and HRQoL are response variables. Age and sex of the patients, educational status, disease severity, expressed as Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), marital status, pruritus severity, disease duration, and family history of psoriasis (explanatory variables) were taken into consideration too.Participants and procedureThe study comprised 97 psoriasis inpatients. The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (FLZ) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were used.ResultsPsoriatic patients demonstrated decreased life satisfaction and HRQoL in all domains. Psoriasis patients who had partners evaluated life satisfaction in Health, Financial situation, Myself, Accommodation and Sex domains as much better than singles. Total life satisfaction and HRQoL decreased with age. The study has shown that life satisfaction is different from HRQoL.ConclusionsThe observation that total life satisfaction is not strongly determined only by medical/somatic factors could be regarded as a valuable insight for further research to determine why the majority of dermatological patients are not fully compliant

Life-satisfaction and self-efficacy, social support and general health among women with overweight and obesity

WSTĘP. Otyłość w istotny sposób wpływa na społeczne, fizyczne i psychologiczne funkcjonowanie jednostki. Zadowolenie z życia może być determinowane przez wiele czynników, w tym również przez ocenę stanu swojego zdrowia. Celem pracy było sprawdzenie, jakie zmienne psychologiczne i społeczne wiążą się z oceną zadowolenia z życia u kobiet z nadwagą i otyłością oraz określenie wyznaczników wybranych aspektów oraz ogólnego zadowolenia z życia. MATERIAŁ I METODY. W badaniach uczestniczyło 37 kobiet (średni wskaźnik masy ciała BMI (body mass index) = 31,65, średnia wieku - ± 49,97). Zastosowano następujące metody pomiaru: Kwestionariusz Zadowolenia z Życia Fahrenberga i wsp., Skalę Wsparcia Społecznego Fydricha i wsp., Skalę Uogólnionej Własnej Skuteczności Schwarzera i wsp. oraz Kwestionariusz Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia GHQ 28 Goldberga. WYNIKI. Ogólne zadowolenie z życia powiązane jest dodatnio z wszystkimi wymiarami wsparcia społecznego oraz z poczuciem własnej skuteczności, natomiast ujemnie z lękiem, depresją oraz ogólnym stanem zdrowia. Innymi aspektami zadowolenia z życia znacząco powiązanymi z wieloma uwzględnionymi w badaniu zmiennymi okazały się satysfakcja z seksu, małżeństwa, czasu wolnego oraz ocena własnej osoby. Ustalono predyktory zadowolenia z czasu wolnego, oceny własnej osoby, małżeństwa oraz seksu. Zadowolenie z własnej osoby wyjaśnia poczucie własnej skuteczności, a na zadowolenie w sferze seksualnej znaczący wpływ ma wsparcie emocjonalne. Natomiast im mniejsze nasilenie symptomów somatycznych, depresji oraz lęku tym większe zadowolenie z małżeństwa. Predyktorami ogólnej satysfakcji z życia okazały się wsparcie emocjonalne, depresja oraz BMI, wyjaśniające w 69% zmienność wyników. WNIOSKI. Zasoby osobiste, takie jak poczucie własnej skuteczności i wsparcie społeczne, a także ogólny stan zdrowia i BMI wykazują znaczące związki z zadowoleniem z życia u otyłych kobiet. Endokrynologia, Otyłość i Zaburzenia Przemiany Materii 2010, tom 6, nr 4, 171-178INTRODUCTION. Obesity exerts a significant impact upon an individual’s social, physical and psychological functioning. Life-satisfaction may be determined by numerous factors, including also one’s own health evaluation. The aim of the study was examining which psychological and social variables are linked with life- satisfaction among women with overweight and obesity and defining determinants of general lifesatisfaction and its selected aspects. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research was carried out in a group of 37 women (mean BMI = 31.65, mean age - ± 49.97). The following methods were used: Life-satisfaction Questionnaire by Fahrenberg et al., Social Support Scale by Fydrich et al., General Self-Efficiency Scale by Schwarzer et al. and General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28 by Goldberg. RESULTS. General life-satisfaction is positively linked with all the dimensions of social support and with self-efficiency, and it is negatively linked with anxiety, depression and general health. Other aspects of life-satisfaction that are significantly linked with numerous research variables include satisfaction with sex, marriage, spare time, and self-evaluation. There have been found predictors of satisfaction with spare time, self-evaluation, marriage and sex. Satisfaction with oneself is explained by self-efficiency, and satisfaction with sex is significantly influenced by emotional support. Satisfaction with marriage is greater when intensity of somatic symptoms, depression and anxiety is lower. Predictors of general life-satisfaction include emotional support, depression and BMI, which explain variability of results in 69%. CONCLUSIONS. Personal resources as self-efficacy and social support and also general health and BMI indicator shows significant relations with life-satisfaction among obese woman. Endocrinology, Obesity and Metabolic Disorders 2010, vol. 6, No 4, 171-17

Trans-generational transfer of early maladaptive schemas – a preliminary study performed on a non-clinical group

&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The maladaptive schemas theory assumes the creation of schemas as a result of relationships with parents during childhood. The aim of the study was to answer questions about the relations between dysfunctional parents’ schemas and their parental attitudes and their children’s schemas.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Participants and procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Eighty people participated in the study: 20 full families with grown children: a daughter and a son. The Questionnaire of Retrospective Assessment of Parental Attitudes (KPR-Roc) by Plopa and the Young Schema Questionnaire in its short form (YSQ-S3) were used.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The results indicate that in the case of daughters the relationships between parental attitudes and schemas relate primarily to the perception of the mother’s attitudes. The strongest positive relationship between maladaptive daughter’s schemas were in relation to an excessively demanding attitude of the mother. There were no relations between the perception of the father’s attitudes and schemas of daughters. In the case of boys there were less significant correlations for both the perception of the mother and father. With regard to the relationship between parents’ schemas and children’s schemas, such mothers’ schemas as defectiveness, vulnerability to harm or illness and absolute severity and such fathers’ schemas as defectiveness, entanglement and self-sacrifice showed especially strong links with daughters’ schemas. The strongest relationships with sons’ schemas occurred in relation to the mother’s schema connected with pessimism and the father’s vulnerability to harm.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Young’s schemas theory seems to be significant from the perspective of understanding intergenerational transfers of beliefs and accompanying behaviours.</jats:p