Rethinking War Powers: Congress, The President, and the United Nations

The division of war powers between Congress and the President has never been free of ambiguity or tension. The Constitution grants Congress the power to declare war, to raise and support armies, to provide and maintain a navy, and to make rules for the regulation of those armed forces. The President, on the other hand, is the Commander in Chief of U.S. armed forces. Most scholars agree that the framers sought to strike a balance: the President alone could not commence war, but he could use force to repel sudden attacks on the United States or its armed forces. Reacting against the unilateral power of kings to go to war without the consent of the people, the framers desired a democratic check on the power of the President to initiate armed conflict. Disagreement rages, however, over what the sparse words of the Constitution should mean today, when wars are hardly ever declared in advance, U.S. forces are stationed on foreign soil on a semipermanent basis, and the country\u27s security interests are intertwined with those of other states in an increasingly interdependent international system

Note: Secured Creditors in Wage Earner Proceedings: Interpreting the Validity of Bankruptcy Rule 13-307(d)

On October 1, 1973 the Supreme Court promulgated rules prescribing the practice and procedure to be followed in cases and proceedings governed by Chapters I-VII and Chapter XIII of the Bankruptcy Act. The procedural changes are extensive, permeating every stage of straight bankruptcy and Chapter XIII Wage Earner proceedings. One of the more important rules is Bankruptcy Rule 13-307(d), which deals with claims of secured creditors in Wage Earner proceedings under Chapter XIII. Secured creditors have challenged the validity of Rule 13-307(d), claiming that the rule modifies the secured party\u27s substantive right to full recovery of the contract price. Thus, they allege that it is a substantive rule of law and outside the Supreme Court\u27s rulemaking power. Various courts have made conflicting decisions. The resolution of this issue will have significant impact on future creditor-purchaser relations and on the future of Chapter XIII Wage Earner proceedings as a viable alternative to straight bankruptcy

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF FARMING: THINKING ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE: DISCUSSION

Environmental Economics and Policy,

Gamma-Ray Burst Dust Echoes Revisited: Expectations at Early Times

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) dust echoes were first proposed as an alternative explanation for the supernova-like (SN-like) components to the afterglows of GRB 980326 and GRB 970228. However, the spectroscopic identification of Type Ic SN 2003dh associated with GRB 030329, as well as the identification of SN-like components to the afterglows of other GRBs, appears to have confirmed the GRB/SN paradigm. However, the likely progenitors of Type Ic SNe are Wolf-Rayet WC stars, and late-type WC stars have been observed to be surrounded by dust, at a distance of 10^14 -- 10^15 cm from the star. Consequently, we revisit the possibility of GRB dust echoes, not on a timescale of weeks after the burst but on a timescale of minutes to hours. We find that if the optical flash is sufficiently bright and the jet sufficiently wide, GRB afterglows may be accompanied by chromatic variations on this timescale. From these signatures, such model parameters as the inner radius of the dust distribution, the initial opening angle of the jet, etc., may be deduced. With rapid and regular localizations of GRBs by HETE-2, Integral, and now Swift, and new and improved robotic telescope systems, these early-time GRB dust echoes may soon be detected. We describe one such robotic telescope system, called PROMPT, that the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is building at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in greater detail.Comment: Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal, 15 pages, 5 figures, LaTe

An Illustrated Key to the Pupae of Six Species of \u3ci\u3eHydropsyche\u3c/i\u3e (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Common in Southern Ontario Streams

I present a key for the identification of pupae and pupal exuviae of six species of Hydropsyche that are widely distributed throughout northeastern North America and that are particularly abundant in the streams of southern Ontario. Use of the pupal key requires less manipulation of a specimen than either removing larval sclerites from the pupal case or attempting to discern the adult genitalia through the pupal integument