The influence of vegetation in riparian filterstrips on coliform bacteria: I. Movement and survival in water

Swine (Sus scrofa) wastewater was applied to three separate 4 m wide x 30 m long riparian filterstrips consisting of 20 m grass and 10 m forest, 10 m grass and 20 m forest, and 10 m grass and 20 m maidencane (Panicum hemitomon Schult.) in Southern Georgia during each season. Total and fecal coliform numbers in the applied wastewater pulse did not decline as water moved downslope regardless of vegetation type or season. The pulse of applied wastewater did not move beyond 15 m in any treatment in autumn or summer (dry seasons) and only moved beyond 7.5 m in the 20 m grass-10 m forest treatment in the summer. Total and fecal coliform numbers in soil water and shallow ground water declined by approximately 10-fold every 7 d for the first 14 d regardless of vegetative treatment or season. Soil temperature and soil moisture correlated with total coliform bacteria in both 13 m wells (r2 = 0.89) and 2.0 m wells (r2 = 0.89), and with fecal coliform bacteria in 1.5 (r2 = 0.82) and 2.0 m (r2 = 0.76) wells. Animal production operations may need to locate in warm–dry climates so animal waste can be applied to lands to help ensure enteric bacteria input to surface and ground water will not occur

The influence of vegetation in riparian filterstrips on coliform bacteria: II. Survival in soils

Survival of total and fecal coliform bacteria was measured in the 0 to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm soil depths at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 90 to 120 d after swine (Sus scrofa) wastewater application to riparian filterstrips in southern Georgia during each season of the year. Vegetative treatments evaluated were: (i) 20 m grass-10 m forest, (ii) 10 m grass-20 m forest, and (iii) 10 m grass-20 m maidencane (Panicum hemitomon Schult.). During winter, spring, and summer vegetation type in riparian filterstrips did not affect survival of total and fecal coliform bacteria. Total and fecal coliform bacterial numbers were usually higher in the top 0 to 5 cm of soil than in the 5 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm soil depths in all treatments. Total and fecal coliform numbers in the 0 to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm depths declined approximately 10-fold every 7 to 14 d after waste application in all seasons of the year. At 90 to 120 d after waste application, total and fecal coliform numbers in the three soil depths did not differ from riparian filterstrips that did not have animal waste applied. Total coliform bacteria in the O to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm soil depths correlated with temperature and moisture in a curvilinear relationship (r2 = 0.80 , 0.77, and 0.64, respectively). Fecal coliform bacteria in 0 to 5, 6 to 15, and 16 to 30 cm of soil also correlated with temperature and moisture in a curvilinear relationship (r 2 = 0.56 , 0.53, and 0.53, respectively)

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

FIGURES 144–149 in A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea)

FIGURES 144–149. Holotypes of Dudgeodes and Derlethina in dorsal view (144, 147), abdomen in ventral view (145, 148) and in lateral view (146, 149). Figs. 144–146: Dudgeodes celebensis; Figs. 147–149: Derlethina eloisaePublished as part of Sartori, Michel, Peters, Janice G. & Hubbard, Michael D., 2008, A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 1957 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1957.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/524113

Teloganodes tuberculatus Sartori & Peters & Hubbard 2008, sp. nov.

<i>Teloganodes tuberculatus</i> Sartori sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 16, 17, 26, 33, 40, 51, 59, 82–86, 120–122)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: 1 nymph (not mature), Sri Lanka, Kandy District, Haloya, Khone Palama, 17.III.1978, M. Hubbard [USNM].</p> <p>Paratypes: 3 nymphs, same data as holotype [2 in FAMU, 1 partially mounted on slide preparation in MZL].</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Nymph</p> <p>Body length at least 4.5 mm without cerci. Cerci length ca. 1.6 times body length.</p> <p>General colouration of head, thorax and abdomen medium brown dorsally; sterna and legs uniformly yellowish (Figs. 120–121).</p> <p>Outer margin of head fringed with a row of setae from behind eyes to labrum insertion (Fig. 120). Antennae short, 0.7 times head width, flagellum with 10–11 segments. Labrum compact, ca. 2 times wider than long, with smooth anterior emargination (Fig. 16); dorsal face covered medially by 2–4 rows of long feathered setae (Fig. 17); anterior margin with a row of small thin setae. Mandibles (Figs. 26, 33) slender with 2 thin setae in middle of outer margin; right mandible (Fig. 26) with outer incisor with inner tooth; inner incisor with 2 teeth; prostheca reduced to a cluster of thin setae; a row of long, thin setae below mola; left mandible (Fig. 33) with long outer incisor rounded; inner tooth close to inner incisor; inner incisor with 3 teeth, prostheca well developed with cluster of small setae. Maxillae (Fig. 40) slender, with a well developed canine and 2 dentisetae; 3 long inner setae apically and a cluster of long, simple setae at crown; inner margin at base of lacinia with one long feathered seta dorsally and row of 3–4 short feathered setae ventrally; maxillary palp reduced to a simple seta. Submentum moderately developed laterally; glossae and paraglossae partially fused; glossae rhomboid and paraglossae slightly falciform (similar to Fig. 50); labial palp three-segmented, segment 1 subequal in length to segments 2 and 3 combined (Fig. 51).</p> <p>Prothorax with 6 rounded tubercles on dorsal face; mesothorax with 5. All legs similar in shape and ornamentation. Femur (Fig. 59) moderately slender, ca. 2.2 times longer than wide; outer margin covered by thin and long setae together with 6–7 sharp, thick and pointed setae; submarginal row of short and blunt setae almost absent in foreleg, but distinct on middle and hind femora; inner margin with a row of long and thin setae, the row continuing on dorsal face, close to articulation with trochanter. Tibia with a row of long and thin setae, starting on proximal part close to outer margin and ending in distal part close to inner margin. Tarsal claw hooked, bearing 3 blunt teeth medially, and 2 pointed teeth subapically; apex of claw with two rows of small setae laterally.</p> <p>All abdominal terga with well developed median tubercle, slightly increasing in size posteriorly (Fig. 122). No posterolateral projections on segments II–VII, slightly marked on segments VIII and IX (Fig. 121). Lateral margins of terga with short and thin setae. Gills (Figs. 82–86) on abdominal segments II–VI. Gill II with dorsal lamella operculate and covering others, oval with margin entire; gills III–V with dorsal lamella incised medially; gill VI with dorsal lamella reduced and entire; ventral lobe flabellate, well developed and purple on gills II–V. Cerci with a whorl of spines every 2–3 segments; spines shorter than length of corresponding segment.</p> <p>Winged stages unknown</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> The nymph of <i>T. tuberculatus</i> can be easily distinguished from that of <i>T. insignis</i> by the shape of the labrum, the number of setae on the dorsal margin of the mandibles and the shape and ornamentation of the femora.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The epithet “tuberculatus” refers to the well developed tubercles found on the thorax and abdomen of this species.</p>Published as part of <i>Sartori, Michel, Peters, Janice G. & Hubbard, Michael D., 2008, A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 1957 (1)</i> on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1957.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5241137">http://zenodo.org/record/5241137</a&gt

Dudgeodes hutanis Sartori & Peters & Hubbard 2008, sp. nov.

Dudgeodes hutanis Sartori sp. nov. (Figs. 9, 10, 22, 23, 28, 35, 41, 49, 53, 65, 66, 78, 91–94, 103–108, 132–134) Material examined. Holotype: 1 male nymph, Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Malinau Basin, Seturan (2000- petak 43), Temalat (Sungai Guang), trib. Seturan, 2°59´29"N, 116°33´29"E, 16.IV.2001 (B0813), P. Derleth [MZL] Paratypes: 115 nymphs, same data as holotype [6 of each in FAMU, ZMH, LIPI, AMG, the remaining in MZL, of which 4 partially mounted on slide preparations]; 1 nymph, Langap Sud (1995), Ngayo, trib. Rian, 3°4´56"N, 116°30´58"E, 13.VII.2000 (B0431) P. Derleth; 15 nymphs, same locality, 14.IV.2001 (B0433), P. Derleth & M. Sartori; 13 nymphs, Seturan (2001-petak 57), Tamalang, trib. Seturan, 2°59´22"N, 116°30´29"E, 10.IV.2001 (B0513), P. Derleth; 24 nymphs, Seturan (2001-petak 57), Tamalang, trib. Seturan, 2°59´22"N, 116°30´46"E, 8.VIII.2000 (B0531), P. Derleth; 11 nymphs 2 female subimagos, with corresponding exuviae, Seturan (2000-petak 43), Temalat (Sungai Guang), trib. Seturan, 2°59´29"N, 116°33´29"E, 18.VI.2000 (B0811), P. Derleth & J.-L. Gattolliat; 8 nymphs, same locality, 16.VIII.2000 (B0812), P. Derleth & R. Schaepfer [all MZL] Other material: 6 nymphs, Langap Sud (1997-petak 6), Belakau, trib. Rian, 3°4´4"N, 116°30´26"E, 13.VI.2000 (B0111), P. Derleth; 11 nymphs, same locality, 20.IV.2001 (B0113), P. Derleth & M. Sartori; 2 nymphs, Langap Sud (1997-petak 6), Belakau, trib. Rian, 3°4´4"N, 116°30´26"E, 7.VII.2000 (B0121), P. Derleth; 1 nymph, same locality, 18.IV.2001 (B0123), P. Derleth & M. Sartori; 3 nymphs, Seturan (1999-petak 39-40), Temalat (Sungai Guang), trib. Seturan 3°0´10"N, 116°32´24"E, 27.III.2001 (B0213), P. Derleth; 1 nymph, Langap Sud (1995), Ngayo, trib. Rian, 3°4´41"N, 116°31´11"E, 14.VI.2000 (B0410), P. Derleth; 6 nymphs, Seturan (2001-petak 57), Tamalang, trib. Seturan, 2°59´22"N, 116°30´46"E, 11.IV.2001 (B0533), P. Derleth & B. Feldemeyer; 7 nymphs, Seturan (2001-petak 57), Tamalang, trib. Seturan, 2°59´22"N, 116°30´46"E, 19.VIII.2000 (B0541), P. Derleth & R. Schaepfer; 6 nymphs, Seturan (2000-petak 44-45), Wok (Sungai Guang), trib. Seturan, 2°59´12"N, 116°33´11"E, 5.IV.2001 (B0713), P. Derleth & B. Feldemeyer; 1 nymph, Seturan (2000-petak 43), Temalat (Sungai Guang), trib. Seturan, 2°59´29"N, 116°33´29"E, 4.IV.2001 (B0823), P. Derleth; 5, nymphs, same locality, 16.IV.2001 (B0833), P. Derleth & M. Sartori; 14 nymphs, Seturan (1998-petak 32-33), Rian, 3°0´57"N, 116°32´16"E, 30.III.2001 (B1013), P. Derleth; 12 nymphs, Langap Sud (1999-petak 24), Rian, 3°1´40"N, 116°31´5"E, 11.VII.2000 (B1211), P. Derleth; 3 nymphs, Seturan (unlogged forest), Seturan, 3°0´5"N, 116°30´48"E, 28.III.2001 (B1313), P. Derleth & B. Feldemeyer; 2 nymphs, Seturan (unlogged forest), Seturan, 2°58´58"N, 116°33´30"E, 26.IV.2001 (B1423), P. Derleth & M. Sartori [all MZL] Description. Nymph Body length up to 4.5 mm and 4.0 mm, without cerci, in female and male nymphs respectively; cerci length subequal to body length. General colouration very variable, ranging from middle to dark brown; young specimens generally paler; legs light to middle brown, with femora bearing 4 characteristic maculae (Fig. 132). Outer margin of head fringed with a row of short, basally forked setae from in front of eyes to labrum insertion. Antennae 1.2 times head width, flagellum with 15–17 segments. Dorsal part of male eyes blackish. Labrum (Fig. 22) compact, ca. 2 times wider than long, with smooth anterior emargination; dorsal face covered medially by scattered simple and long setae (Fig. 23); anterior margin with a row of small thin setae. Mandibles slender with one thin seta in middle of outer margin; right mandible (Fig. 28) with outer incisor composed of 3 teeth; inner incisor with 2 teeth; prostheca reduced, comprised of a cluster of thin setae; a small row of 4 long and thin setae below mola and some short setae above mola; left mandible (Fig. 35) with outer incisor with 3 teeth; inner incisor with 2 teeth inserted transversely, one smaller and pointed, other large and rounded, prostheca small with a group of small setae; no setae below mola. Maxillae (Fig. 41) slender, with a well developed carina, 2 indented dentisetae and 3 long setae on inner apical part and a bunch of long, simple setae at crown; inner margin at base of lacinia, with 2 feathered and long setae, one dorsally and one ventrally; maxillary palp reduced to a single simple seta. Hypopharynx (Fig. 49) with superlinguae oval with a row of long, simple setae at apex. Submentum moderately developed laterally; glossae and paraglossae partially fused; paraglossae larger than glossae; labial palp three-segmented, articulation between segments 1 and 2 barely visible and indicated by a constriction; segment 3 ca. 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 53). Prothorax with 4 rounded tubercles on dorsal face; mesothorax with none. Forefemur (Fig. 65) dilated, ca. 1.5 times longer than wide; outer margin covered by stout and long setae, meeting a transverse row of long and pointed setae across dorsal face (Fig. 66); inner margin with a short row of long and thin setae proximally reaching distally to transverse row. Middle and hind femora similar, more slender, ca. 2 times longer than wide; dorsal and inner margins with a row of long and stout setae. Tibia with a row of long and stout setae on inner margin, and a row of long and thin setae on outer margin. Tarsal claw hooked, bearing 3–4 blunt teeth medially, and 2 pointed teeth subapically; outer tooth well developed, inner one smaller; apex of claw with two rows of 3–4 thin setae laterally (Fig. 78). FIGURES 82–97. Gill II (82, 87, 91, 95), gill III (83, 88, 92, 96), gill IV (84, 89, 93, 97), gill V (85, 90, 94) and gill VI (86) of Oriental Teloganodidae; only upper lamellae drawn. Figs. 82–86: Teloganodes tuberculatus; Figs. 87–90: T. jacobusi; Figs. 91–94: Dudgeodes hutanis; Figs. 95–97: Derlethina eloisae. All gills same scale. Abdominal terga with a moderately developed median tubercle on segments I–V, more developed on segments VI–X (Fig. 131). No posterolateral projections on segments II–IV, slightly marked on segments VI–IX (Fig. 130). Gills as in Figs. 91–94; gill II with dorsal lamella operculate, oval and with entire margin; gills III– V with dorsal lamella incised medially; ventral lobe flabellate, well developed and purple on gills II–IV. Cerci with stout setae every 2–3 segments; setae longer than length of corresponding segment. Female subimago. Body length: 4.5 mm. Forewing length: 5.2 mm. Hindwing length: 0.7 mm. General colouration of body blackish, without markings. Wings greyish with small paler spots scattered over surface. Forewing (Fig. 9) with hind margin regularly convex. Pterostigmatic area with 7–9 crossveins reaching subcostal vein. Vein MP 2 short. Cubital field with a single long intercalary vein. Hind wing (Fig. 10) small, with costal process acute. 3 longitudinal veins distinct. Gill sockets visible on segments II–V. Subanal plate rounded. Egg. Ovoid, 160 µm by 110 µm; chorion without attachment structures, with two kinds of surfaces: a completely smooth surface on the half of egg close to polar cap (Figs.103–104), and a fine punctuated surface on opposite pole (Fig. 106), with a gradient in-between (in light microscopy, the area close to the polar cap appears light brown, whereas the one close to the opposite pole appears dark brown). One micropyle in equatorial area (Fig. 107), directed transversely to egg axis. Polar cap with two kinds of epithema: numerous noncoiled threads (Fig. 104) and coiled threads located close to margin with chorion (Fig. 105). On pole opposite polar cap, a characteristic cluster of 4–5 needle-like spines (Fig. 108). Etymology. The epithet “hutanis” comes from the Indonesian word “hutan” meaning “forest” and refers to the beautiful Bulungan forest where the material comes from.Published as part of Sartori, Michel, Peters, Janice G. & Hubbard, Michael D., 2008, A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 1957 (1) on pages 27-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1957.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/524113

FIGURES 109–114 in A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea)

FIGURES 109–114. Egg structure of Dudgeodes pescadori (SEM pictures). Fig. 109: Shape of the egg; Fig. 110: Detail of the polar cap; Fig. 111: Detail of the collar with threads of the epithema; Fig. 112: Detail of the chorion; Fig. 113: Detail of the lateral attachments; Fig. 114: Micropyle area.Published as part of Sartori, Michel, Peters, Janice G. & Hubbard, Michael D., 2008, A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 1957 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1957.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/524113

Teloganodes kodai Sartori & Peters & Hubbard 2008, sp. nov.

Teloganodes kodai Sartori sp. nov. (Figs. 43, 60, 123–125) Material examined. Holotype: 1 nymph (not mature), India, Tamil Nadu State, 6 km below Kodaikanal, 1800 m., 19.III.1978, K. Wood [MZL]. Paratypes: 26 nymphs, same data as holotype [15 in FAMU, 11 in MZL, of which 1 partially mounted on slide preparation]. Description. Nymph Body length at least 6 mm and 7 mm, without cerci, in male and female nymphs respectively. Cerci slightly longer than body length. General colouration of head, thorax and abdomen dark brown dorsally; light brown ventrally, sterna VII and VIII washed with grey; legs brownish orange (Figs. 123–124). Outer margin of head fringed with a row of setae from behind eyes to labrum insertion. Antennae short, 0.85 times head width, flagellum with 13–14 articles. Mouthparts very similar to those of T. tuberculatus, except as following: mandibles with one long thin seta in middle of outer margin; maxillae with one long feathered seta dorsally and row of 4–5 long feathered setae ventrally on inner margin, at base of lacinia (Fig. 43); labial palp with segment 1 shorter than length of segments 2 and 3 combined, segments 1 and 2 subequal. Prothorax with 2 rounded tubercles dorsally; mesothorax with 3. All legs similar in shape and ornamentation. Femur (Fig. 60) moderately broad, ca. 1.8 times longer than wide; outer margin covered by thin long setae only; submarginal row of numerous short blunt setae, the same scattered setae also present on dorsal surface; inner margin with a row of long thin setae, row continuing on dorsal surface to near articulation with trochanter. Tibia and tarsal claw as in T. tuberculatus, except claw bears 4 blunt teeth medially. Abdominal terga with moderately developed median tubercle on segments I and X, strongly developed on segments II–IX (Fig. 125). No posterolateral projections on segments II–III, slightly marked on segments IV– VI, well developed on segments VII–IX (Fig. 124). Lateral margins of terga with short and stout setae. Gills and cerci as in T. tuberculatus. Winged stages unknown Diagnosis. The nymph of T. kodai can be easily distinguished from that of T. insignis by the shape of the labrum, the proportions of the femora, as well as the relative sizes of the median tubercle on abdominal terga III and X (T 3 T 10 in T. kodai). T. kodai is also easily separated from T. tuberculatus mainly by the length of the antennae, the ornamentation of the femora and the posterolateral projections of the abdomen. Etymology. The noun in apposition “kodai” is in reference to the region where specimens were collected.Published as part of Sartori, Michel, Peters, Janice G. & Hubbard, Michael D., 2008, A revision of Oriental Teloganodidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), pp. 1-51 in Zootaxa 1957 (1) on pages 15-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1957.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/524113