More risk - less solidarity? An experimental investigation

A solidarity game was conducted where participants were able to choose between two lotteries with same expected values. However, in one lottery, the risky one, participants faced a higher probability to receive no endowment. The winners were then able to discriminate between subjects risk attitude when it came to voluntary transfers from winners to losers in randomly formed three person groups. The results indicated that risk takers were not fully held responsible for their self-inflicted neediness, although they received on average fewer transfers than non-risk-takers. In fact, group favoritism is observed, where non-risk-takers transferred more to loosing non-risk-takers and risk-takers transferred more to loosing risk-takers. This behavioral pattern was stable across different versions of group compounding, profession and gender. Nevertheless, a gender effect was found with regard to lottery choice and the amount of money transferred. Furthermore, similarities can be seen between the results of the experiment and certain aspects of the current financial crisis. Among them borrowing in non-recourse states in the USA, the role of rating agencies and the hiring of failed CEOs. -- Es wurde ein Solidaritätsspiel durchgeführt, in dem die Teilnehmer aus zwei Lotterien mit gleichen Erwartungswerten wählen konnten. Allerdings war die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu verlieren und keinen Gewinn zu erhalten bei der riskanten Lotterie höher. In Dreiergruppen, bestehend aus Gewinnern und Verlierern, hatten die Gewinner die Möglichkeit freiwillig etwas von ihrem Gewinn an die Verlierer abzugeben. Dabei konnten sie zwischen dem Risikoverhalten der Verlierer unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse offenbaren, dass risikoreiche Verlierer nicht komplett für ihre selbstverschuldete "Armut" verantwortlich gemacht wurden, obwohl sie im Durchschnitt weniger Transfers erhielten als Verlierer die kein Risiko eingegangen sind. Vielmehr ist ein Favorisieren der eigenen Gruppe zu beobachten, wobei "risikolose Gewinner" mehr an "risikolose Verlierer" transferiert haben und "risikoreiche Gewinner" mehr an "risikoreiche Verlierer" transferierten. Dieses Verhaltensmuster ist stabil über verschiedene Gruppenzusammensetzungen, die fachliche Ausrichtung und das Geschlecht der Teilnehmer des Experiments. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde ein geschlechtsspezifischer Effekt bei der Wahl der Lotterie und bei der Höhe der Transfers beobachtet.

Contabilidad creativa y fraude fiscal

En este trabajo se analizará las diversas definiciones que han aparecido a lo largo del tiempo sobre la contabilidad creativa, y se podrá observar como cada uno de ellas, tiene una visión diferente sobre este tipo de práctica. También se explicará los distintos tipos de contabilidad creativa que, dependiendo de su aplicación, recibirá un nombre. Se argumentará que la ley vigente da una cierta flexibilidad para realizar esta práctica atendiendo a las Normas de Regulación y Valoración del PGC, capaces de modificar el balance de una empresa y como consecuencia la imagen de esta. Por último, se estudiaran algunos mecanismos de fraude fiscal para evadir impuestos o disminuir los ingresos de una empresa.In this work, we will analyze the different definitions that have appeared over time about creative accounting, and we can see how each of them has a different vision about this type of practice. It will also explain the different types of creative accounting that, depending on your application, will receive a name. It will be argued that the current law gives a certain flexibility to carry out this practice in accordance with the Regulation and Valuation Rules of the PGC, capable of modifying the balance of a company and as a consequence the image of it. Finally, some tax fraud mechanisms to evade taxes or decrease the income of a company will be studied.Departamento de Economía Financiera y ContabilidadGrado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Towards a Theory-Guided Benchmarking Suite for Discrete Black-Box Optimization Heuristics: Profiling (1+λ)(1+\lambda) EA Variants on OneMax and LeadingOnes

Theoretical and empirical research on evolutionary computation methods complement each other by providing two fundamentally different approaches towards a better understanding of black-box optimization heuristics. In discrete optimization, both streams developed rather independently of each other, but we observe today an increasing interest in reconciling these two sub-branches. In continuous optimization, the COCO (COmparing Continuous Optimisers) benchmarking suite has established itself as an important platform that theoreticians and practitioners use to exchange research ideas and questions. No widely accepted equivalent exists in the research domain of discrete black-box optimization. Marking an important step towards filling this gap, we adjust the COCO software to pseudo-Boolean optimization problems, and obtain from this a benchmarking environment that allows a fine-grained empirical analysis of discrete black-box heuristics. In this documentation we demonstrate how this test bed can be used to profile the performance of evolutionary algorithms. More concretely, we study the optimization behavior of several $(1+\lambda)$ EA variants on the two benchmark problems OneMax and LeadingOnes. This comparison motivates a refined analysis for the optimization time of the $(1+\lambda)$ EA on LeadingOnes

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM ONLINE TRADING BERBASIS WEB KOMODITI BERJANGKA PASAR JEPANG PT. ASIA KAPITALINDO KOMODITI BERJANGKA

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM ONLINE TRADING BERBASIS WEB KOMODITI BERJANGKA PASAR JEPANG PT. ASIA KAPITALINDO KOMODITI BERJANGK

Student workload estimation to pass a statistics course in Economics and Business Administration

The convergence process in Higher Education in Europe implies a radical change in the teacher’s practice. One of the fundamental questions in the harmonization process stems from the way credits are allocated by the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). This article analyzes diverse methodologies for the estimation of student workload, with results regarding the time students need to successfully complete the Descriptive Statistics course in Economics and Business Administration. The obtained estimated time is slightly below the 25-30 hours of credit that are usually established as a reference

La medición de la eficiencia en las actuaciones públicas

En esta comunicación se pretende ofrecer una breve descripción de algunas de las técnicas utilizadas en la medición o de aproximación a la medición de la eficiencia del Sector Público y por consiguiente de la mejora en los procesos de asignación del gasto público. Uno de los debates más trascendentes en la actualidad es el planteado acerca de cuál debe ser el papel del Sector Público en la economía. Parece que existe unanimidad en la doctrina sobre la presencia de éste en la vida económica; pero el problema que se plantea deriva de la forma en que se ha de plantear la misma. Hasta ahora, la cultura que ha predominado en las Administraciones Públicas de las economías avanzadas ha sido de cumplimiento formal de las normas y de estructura jerarquizada. Esta cultura en el momento actual está cambiando hacia nuevos valores regidos por una mayor racionalidad económica en su comportamiento. De estos nuevos valores cabe destacar los de eficiencia y eficacia económicas que, eso sí, con el respeto a la legalidad, sean el fundamento de la actuación pública. A esto se une la desconcentración de funciones con una gestión de los recursos públicos cada vez más autónoma que permitan dotar a los administradores de una mayor responsabilización por los resultados, así como proporcionar los incentivos adecuados para el personal público. Se debe indicar que la presencia del Sector Público en múltiples queahaceres de la vida económica, en los que no ofrece igual racionalidad en su comportamiento, produce inevitablemente distintas consideraciones en la valoración y evaluación de su intervenció

Use of Extracted Green Inhibitors as a Friendly Choice in Corrosion Protection of Low Alloy Carbon Steel

Mitigation of corrosion impact on environment is an important step in environmental protection. Use of environmentally friendly corrosion protection methods is very important. It is smart to choose cheap and safe to handle compounds as corrosion inhibitors. The use of green inhibitors (extracted inexpensively, from the seed endosperm of some Leguminosae plants), and investigation of their efficiency in corrosion protection is the aim of this study. As green inhibitor one kind of polysaccharides (galactomannan) from locust bean gum (also known as carob gum, carob bean gum) extracted from the seed of carob tree is used. Corrosion protection efficiency of these extracted green inhibitors was tested for carbon steel marked as: steel 39, steel 44, and iron B 500 (usually applied as reinforcing bars to concrete). Sulfuric acid solution in the presence of chloride ions was used as corrosion media. The composition of corrosion acid media used was 1 mol L^-1 H₂SO₄ and 10^-3 mol L^-1 Cl^- (in the form of NaCl). Electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization methods were used for inhibitor efficiency testing

Bestimmungsgründe des Innovationserfolgs von baden-württembergischen KMU

Das Forschungsprojekt hatte zum Ziel, die Innovationsperformance von KMU in Baden- Württemberg im Vergleich zu KMU aus anderen deutschen Bundesländern zu untersuchen und die Faktoren zu analysieren, die für eine möglicherweise überdurchschnittlich hohe Innovationsperformance der baden-württembergischen KMU verantwortlich gemacht werden können. Es wurden fünf mögliche Erklärungsansätze betrachtet: eine größere Verbreitung von Nischenmarktstrategien, eine stärkere Ausrichtung auf Kunden mit einer hohen Innovationsnachfrage, eine häufigere Verfolgung einer auf Technologieführerschaft ausgerichteten Innovationsstrategie, eine stärkere Zusammenarbeit mit Wissenschaftseinrichtungen aus der Region sowie eine günstigere Kreditfinanzierungssituation durch eine höhere Bedeutung von Sparkassen und genossenschaftlichen Banken als Hausbank. Die Analysen wurden für einen repräsentativen Querschnitt von KMU aus Baden-Württemberg aus Industrie, wissensintensive Dienstleistungen, Logistik, Finanzwirtschaft, Medienwirtschaft und Energieversorgung durchgeführt. Als Datenquelle diente das Mannheimer Innovationspanel (MIP) des ZEW. Das Innovationsverhalten der baden-württembergischen KMU wurde mit dem von KMU aus anderen deutschen Bundesländern verglichen --

Destination website quality, users’ attitudes and the willingness to participate in online co-creation experiences

Purpose – An official destination website (ODW) is a key component for tourist’s decision-making processes. ODW acts as a direct channel where users may share experiences and opinions about previous or future travels. At the same time, it drives user participation in destination branding activities. In this context, it is crucial to identify how the destination website, using Web 2.0 technologies, could motivate user’s participation with the brand. The purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate a model that posits the destination website quality as a determinant factor to predict users’ attitudes toward the website and their willingness to participate in co-creation experiences. Design/methodology/approach – Using a combined qualitative and quantitative method, this paper provides an exploratory research that examines the role of destination website quality on attitudes toward the website and the willingness to participate in online co-creation experiences. Findings – Findings confirm that there is a direct and significant relationship between website quality, attitudes toward the website and willingness to participate in online co-creation experiences. Moreover, attitudes toward the website partially mediate relationships between destination website quality and willingness to participate in online co-creation experiences. Originality/value – The literature of value co-creation is trying to identify which factors drive consumer’s participation with brands across different consumption contexts. This study provides evidence that confirms, from a tourism destination website point of view, that website quality is one of these key factors that motives user’s co-creation with a destination.This research was funded by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, with the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation ECO2014-59356-P, and also with the research project ECO2015-69103-

Factors influencing the career choice of undergraduate students at a historically disadvantaged South African university

During the apartheid years in South Africa, career guidance amongst disadvantaged learners was largely absent and, for many, career choices were limited and governed by politics. Despite South Africa having celebrated 20 years of democracy, this situation has improved only slightly. Therefore, the aims of the study were to determine the factors that influenced students' career choice and to ascertain the possible barriers that impacted their decision. An adapted version of Myburgh's Career Choices Questionnaire (2005) was administered to 721 undergraduate students. The results showed that parents and loans or bursaries were the largest sources of financial support and that anticipated benefits influenced the students' career choice, with the potential for personal growth and development, for future high earnings and for promotion to the top of the organization the most important among these. Furthermore, participants rated visits from lecturers and brochures as the most prominent sources of influence.International Bibliography of the Social Science