Corporate Political Spending: Why Shareholders Must Weigh In

This article focuses upon the growing problem confronting companies and their shareholders: the use of general treasury (i.e., shareholder money) to propagate political agendas which are not only contrary to companies’ policies of employment, but are committed without the input or knowledge of the shareholder, leading to an aura of distrust, alienation, and diminution of both shareholder value and principled leadership

Some Effects of Photoperiod and Cold Storage on Oviposition of the Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae)

An expanded program of research on the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), in various north-central states has made it necessary to develop methods of rearing all stages of the beetle for laboratory use. Because the insect survives diapause in the adult state (Castro, 1964 and Connin, et al., 1968) it must presently be stored 10-12 weeks at 38 F before consistent oviposition is obtained. Hoopingarner, et al. \u27(1965) indicated that, while males are sexually mature in the prediapause condition, the female was unwilling to mate until after diapause and was not mature sexually until after mating. More recent work by Bowers and Blickenstaff (1966) and Connin et al. (1967) indicated the possibility of breaking or eliminating diapause with chemicals. However, photoperiod also seemed influential in terminating diapause after varying periods of cold storage. The present paper reports observations on the photoperiodic effects

Fedora Preservation Services - a Working Group Report

A major objective of the Fedora Preservation Services Working Group (WG) is to facilitate the creation of trusted digital repositories. To accomplish this end, the Working Group is specifying the requirements and architecture for services and technologies that can be readily integrated into the Fedora Framework. In the specification process, the WG is focused on the underlying capabilities to support digital object persistence, life cycle management, multidisciplinary collections, and management of the repository environment (e.g. storage, memory, operating system, etc). This presentation will provide a WG progress report with special emphasis on the concept architecture, key features such as event management, and an early view of the development plan. The discussion will also cover how Fedora preservation services relate to PREMIS and the audit checklist for Trusted Digital Repositories

Iron single crystal growth from a lithium-rich melt

\alpha-Fe single crystals of rhombic dodecahedral habit were grown from a melt of Li$_{84}$N$_{12}$Fe$_{\sim 3}$. Crystals of several millimeter along a side form at temperatures around $T \approx 800^\circ$C. Upon further cooling the growth competes with the formation of Fe-doped Li$_3$N. The b.c.c. structure and good sample quality of \alpha-Fe single crystals were confirmed by X-ray and electron diffraction as well as magnetization measurements and chemical analysis. A nitrogen concentration of 90\,ppm was detected by means of carrier gas hot extraction. Scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any sign of iron nitride precipitates.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Begründung für die Festlegung der Größengrenzen zur Einteilung von Unternehmen in die verschiedenen Leitfäden

Für die Festlegung der Größengrenzen der einzelnen Leitfäden wurde auf die Unternehmens-daten verschiedener amtlicher Erhebungen und Statistiken zurückgegriffen. Im Folgenden wird dargestellt, welche Betriebsgrößen jeweils als Grenze zwischen zwei Leitfäden gewählt wurden und aus welchem Grund bzw. auf welcher Basis die jeweilige Betriebsgröße als Grenze gewählt wurde. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Übergang von einer Größenklasse in die nächste fließend und die Grenzen damit nicht trennscharf sind und nicht sein sollen. Vielmehr stellen die Größengrenzen Richtwerte dar, die Unternehmen eine Orientierung geben sollen bei der Beurteilung, welcher Leitfaden für ihr Unternehmen geeignet ist. Die endgültige Zuordnung des Unternehmens zu einem Leitfaden obliegt den jeweiligen Unternehmensverantwortliche

Corporate Governance in Abhängigkeit von Unternehmensstruktur und Unternehmensgröße - eine betriebswirtschaftlich-juristische Analyse. Studie 1 im Forschungsprojekt "Leitlinien für das Management von Organisations- und Aufsichtspflichten

Die vorliegende Studie bildet die erste von fünf Studien, die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes Leitlinien für das Management von Organisations- und Aufsichtspflichten erarbeitet werden. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die rechtlichen und betriebswirtschaftlichen Grundlagen zu analysieren und darzulegen, um wesentliche Kriterien zur sinnvollen Unterscheidung von Unternehmenstypen mit Blick auf die (Anforderungen an die) Corporate Governance zu identifizieren sowie rechtliche Grenzen und Problemfelder der Umsetzung und Durchsetzung von Organisationspflichten in unterschiedlichen Rechtsformen und gesellschaftsrechtlichen Konstruktionen aufzuzeigen. Die Analyse der theoretischen Grundlagen aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Sicht setzt beim Begriff der Corporate Governance an (Abschnitt 2). Diese theoretische Erweiterung ist notwendig, da die Corporate Governance sowohl Grundlage als auch Bindeglied zwischen den beiden grundlegenden Säulen des Forschungsprojekts - effektives und effizientes Compliance Management (i) als Instrument für nachhaltig wirksames Management von Organisations- bzw. Aufsichtspflichten (ii) - bildet. Dabei ist Compliance1 als Managementaufgabe zu betrachten: Compliance Management stellt eine dauerhafte Aufgabe im Rahmen der strategischen und operativen Unternehmensführung dar und stellt so ein wesentliches Instrument zur Herstellung und Erhaltung einer Good Corporate Governance im Sinne einer verantwortungsvollen Unternehmensführung2 dar. Corporate Governance bildet ebenfalls den Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchung von Organisations- und Aufsichtspflichten, die sich aus dem Auftrag der verantwortungsvollen und nachhaltigen Unternehmensführung an das operative Management ergeben..

Secular Changes in the Postcranial Skeleton of American Whites

Secular change in height has been extensively investigated, but size and shape of the postcranial skeleton much less so. The availability of large, documented collections of nineteenth- and twentieth-century skeletons makes it possible to examine changes in skeletal structure over the past 150 years. We examined secular changes in long bone lengths and proportions, their allometric relationship to stature, and cross- sectional properties of long bone shafts. Bone measurements and stature were organized into 10-year birth cohorts, ranging from 1840 to 1989. Variation among cohorts was tested by one-way ANOVA, and secular trend was examined visually by plotting mean measurements by birth decade. Allometry was examined by regressing log bone lengths onto log stature, using least squares regression. Allometry was also examined using the geometric mean of log bone lengths as the size variable. All bone lengths and stature showed positive secular change. Stature and the distal long bones showed the most pronounced changes. Proportions also changed, as revealed by the brachial and crural indices. Both indices increased, but the brachial index change was the most pronounced. Allometric relationships suggest that brachial index changes result from positive allometry of the radius and negative allometry of the humerus. Similar but less marked allometric relationships were found in the tibia and femur. Long bone shaft properties changed in the following ways: femur midshafts and tibia shafts at the nutrient foramen became more mediolaterally narrowed, and the femur became more mediolaterally thickened at the subtrochanteric level, approaching platymeria. All major long bones became more gracile. These remarkable changes in the postcranial skeleton are a response to the unparalleled changes in the environment in which modern Americans now live. Changes in growth resulting from plentiful and secure nutrition, reduced disease load, and marked reduction in bone loading from reduced activity levels are mainly responsible

An Examination of the Differential Effects of the Modern Epidemiological Transition on Cranial Morphology in the United States and Portugal

This research examines the pattern of secular change in the cranial morphology of two populations experiencing the epidemiological transition associated with decreased mortality rates in children, followed by declines in infant mortality and subsequent increases in adult longevity. The two samples examined in this study come from US and Portuguese individuals. The epidemiological transition oc- curred at different times in the United States and Portugal, with Portugal entering into the transition later than the United States. The results of the study show that the US and Portuguese samples experienced significant changes in cranial morphology during the approximately 150 years under study. In all of the samples the cranial base morphology changes significantly over time. However, the pattern of change in the US and Portuguese samples varies in the other regions of the crania. The US samples exhibit significant changes associated with the posterior cranial fossa, which experiences the greatest growth during the fetal period and the first year of life. Conversely, in the Portuguese samples the region of the cranium that shows the greatest change is in the face and lateral cranial base, which experiences the greatest growth from three to nine years. This differential pattern may reflect differences in changing mortality patterns in the two countries. During the period under study the United States had already proceeded through the early stages of the epidemiological transition, and improvements in the juvenile mortality and juvenile growth had occurred previously. Subsequently, the United States experienced significant declines in infant mortality, and the regions of the crania that exhibit the greatest changes occur in area with maximum growth velocity under one year. However, Portugal entered into the epidemiological transition later than the United States and therefore the greatest changes in growth occurred during the juvenile period, which is reflected in the adult morphology in this group. This study demonstrates the utility of variation in growth patterns in different cranial regions to document changes in the demographic parameters in two different populations