Farmer’s Participation in Participatory Forest Management and Factors Affecting its Performance (The Case of Sodo Zuriya District, Wolaita Zone , Ethiopia)

Community forest management seeks to initiate the process of eliminating the main causes of forest depletion through participation of local communities. The study attempted to analyze the participatory forest management in Sodo Zuriya District, Wolaita Zone, and SNNPR region with the objectives of investigating participatory forest management for sustainable livelihood, factors that determine the effects of economic, social and biophysical factors on participation. Primary data collected from 183 household respondents who were selected randomly, Secondary data were collected from published and unpublished sources. Descriptive statistical tools such as ratio, frequency, percentage, and mean value addressed to evaluate the contribution of different variables and logistic regression model was used to identify factors that affect community participation in forest management. The major findings from descriptive analysis result indicate that the performance of forest management has contributed to household income of 59%. 9% reported sustaining food security, 22% reported conserving soil and water and 10% mitigating climate change. The result of the logistic regression model revealed that out of 12 variables included in the model, 7 explanatory variables were found to be significant at 1%, 5% and 10% level. Accordingly, household head sex, household age, household size,  annual household income, Land productivity, forest income and Land size were found to have positive association with Participatory forest management and statistically significant. The findings of the study reported that participatory forest management enhanced the livelihood, the natural resource and the social assets of the local communities. It was found that this forest management strategy could attain the sustainability of the forest and accelerate the standard of household’s livelihood and finally based the study results appropriate recommendation was given. Keywords: Forest, household, Logit Model, Participatory forest management, Sustainable Livelihoo

Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery in the Pediatric Patient

Pathology along the anterior and posterior skull base has long posed challenges to surgeons due to the difficulty accessing these locations and complexity of the surrounding neurovascular anatomy. Initial surgical management of these disorders included open craniofacial approaches and/or craniotomy and these approaches are still utilized today for selected cases. However, advances in the later half of the 20th century in optics, endoscope design, and high definition digital images allowed the development of microscopic and, more recently, endoscopic approaches to the skull base. This technology was initially developed and used in adults, but has been adapted over time for use in the pediatric patient. In this chapter, the salient points regarding pediatric endoscopic skull base surgery will be reviewed to provide the reader a framework for understanding the indications, pertinent anatomy, preoperative evaluation, and intraoperative management of skull base pathology, highlighting challenges and circumstances unique to the pediatric population

The Impact of Observed Trauma on Parents in a PICU

© 2016 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. Objective: To explore parents' experiences of observed trauma, defined as traumatic events, unrelated to their own child, that parents/carers witness while in a PICU. Design: Exploratory qualitative study. Setting: Nineteen-bed mixed surgical/medical PICU in a tertiary university-affiliated children's hospital. Participants: Parents of 11 children, screened from a total sample of 100 children admitted to the PICU for greater than 48 hours. Interventions: Face-to-face screening interviews were conducted with parents following their child's discharge from PICU. Parents who reported observed trauma were interviewed a second time to explore their experiences. Measurements and Main Results: Two questionnaires were designed, one to screen for observed trauma and a second one to guide semistructured interviews. Of 100 parents who participated in a structured screening interview, 19% reported observed trauma. Of the 19 parents, 11 completed the second interview. Significant themes included: involuntary exposure; privacy and confidentiality; empathy for children and their families; reflection and personal growth; and staff communication. Conclusions: Observed trauma is not uncommon in the PICU. The results suggest that timely support may alleviate the short-term negative impact. Furthermore, some parents have reported positive aspects to their experience