Aplikasi enkapsulan hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose dan gum arab pada pembuatan bubuk semangka

Watermelon is a widely produced fruit in Indonesia. Abundant production and limited utilization make watermelons susceptible to quality loss and damage. Watermelon can be processed into powder to expand the variety of processing and reduce post-harvest losses. Various drying methods can be carried out, while a cabinet dryer at a temperature of 60-65 °C for 6 hours is considered the simplest method. Moreover, encapsulants such as hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and gum arabic can be added. This study aims to apply different encapsulants in the watermelon powder manufacturing process and evaluate their effect on the physicochemical properties of the watermelon powder. A nested factorial randomized block design was used. The nest factor is the type of encapsulant, while the concentration is the nesting factor. The difference in concentration was 2.5 %, 5 % and 7.5 % for both HPMC and gum arabic. Each treatment was repeated four times. Watermelon powder quality parameters evaluated were moisture content, hygroscopicity, total phenol, antioxidant activity, color, and pH. ANOVA with = 5 % was implemented for statistical analysis and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test if a significant difference was observed. The increasing concentration of gum arabic increased the water content (2.19-3.42 %). While hygroscopicity decreased (21.84-17.33 %), total phenol decreased from 1370.91 to 765.23 mg GAE/kg sample. The antioxidant activity of the sample using the DPPH method was decreased (89.29-52.90 %). The use of gum arabic can maintain the red color of powder and the pH in the range of 5.39-5.57. On the other hand, HPMC application can reduce water content (3.32-2.15 %), hygroscopicity level 23.53-17.17 %; total phenol 1172.05-539.09 mg GAE/kg; antioxidant activity 65.88-29.54 %. The HPMC can maintain the red color of powder and increase the pH (5.83-6.30)

Nutrient density score of typical Indonesian foods and dietary formulation using linear programming

AbstractObjectiveThe present research aimed to analyse the nutrient density (ND), nutrient adequacy score (NAS) and energy density (ED) of Indonesian foods and to formulate a balanced diet using linear programming.DesignData on typical Indonesian diets were obtained from the Indonesian Socio-Economic Survey 2008. ND was investigated for 122 Indonesian foods. NAS was calculated for single nutrients such as Fe, Zn and vitamin A. Correlation analysis was performed between ND and ED, as well as between monthly expenditure class and food consumption pattern in Indonesia. Linear programming calculations were performed using the software POM-QM for Windows version 3.SettingRepublic of Indonesia, 2008.SubjectsPublic households (n68 800).ResultsVegetables had the highest ND of the food groups, followed by animal-based foods, fruits and staple foods. Based on NAS, the top ten food items for each food group were identified. Most of the staple foods had high ED and contributed towards daily energy fulfillment, followed by animal-based foods, vegetables and fruits. Commodities with high ND tended to have low ED. Linear programming could be used to formulate a balanced diet. In contrast to staple foods, purchases of fruit, vegetables and animal-based foods increased with the rise of monthly expenditure.ConclusionsPeople should select food items based on ND and NAS to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies in Indonesia. Dietary formulation calculated using linear programming to achieve RDA levels for micronutrients could be recommended for different age groups of the Indonesian population.</jats:sec

Pelatihan Produksi Yogurt untuk Petani Susu “Gubug Lazaris”, Desa Sambirejo, Kediri, Jawa Timur

Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat merupakan salah satu kewajiban bagi dosen yang dirancang berdasarkan rekam jejak hasil penelitian yang menjadi keahlian dosen untuk diterapkan di masyarakat guna mengatasi persoalan praktis yang dihadapi. Posisi masyarakat dalam kegiatan pengabdian adalah sebagai mitra dari perguruan tinggi. Salah satu kelompok mitra pengabdian adalah kelompok masyarakat produktif yang telah memiliki usaha yang akan dikembangkan. Mitra kegiatan abdimas ini adalah petani susu yang dikoordinasi dalam wadah Gubug Lazaris, yang merupakan sebuah tempat pertanian organik di Desa Sambirejo, Kecamatan Pare, Kabupaten Kediri. Permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra dan telah teridentifikasi adalah pengolahan susu menjadi produk yang lebih tahan lama dan bernilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, manajemen usaha kelompok peternak susu perlu untuk diperbaiki. Kegiatan abdimas ini memberikan pelatihan produksi yoghurt dan faktor-faktor terkait yaitu kebersihan atau sanitasi pasca panen susu, cara pengolahan susu, dan manajemen usaha kelompok petani. Hasil yang diperoleh, petani susu memahami cara penanganan susu setelah dipanen, kebersihan lingkungan, kebersihan tempat dan alat penyimpanan, alat produksi yang tepat untuk susu pasterurisasi. Selain itu petani susu mampu memproduksi yoghurt dan menghitung modal yang diperlukan serta proyeksi penjualannya. Hasil pengabian masyarakat ini penting untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup petani melalui perbaikan mutu dan diversifikasi produk olahan susu.</jats:p

Genetic variation in individuals from a population of the minimalist bacteriophage Merri-merri-uth nyilam marra-natj driving evolution of the virus

UNLABELLED: In a survey of a waterway on Wurundjeri land, two sub-populations of the bacteriophage Merri-merri-uth nyilam marra-natj (phage MMNM) were isolated on a permissive host, Klebsiella B5055 of capsule-type K2, but were distinguished by minor phenotypic differences. The variant phage MMNM(Ala134) showed an inhibited activity against Klebsiella AJ174-2, and this was used as a basis to select for further variation through experimental evolution. Over the course of an evolution experiment, 20 phages that evolved distinct phenotypes in terms of the morphologies of plaques formed when they infected host Klebsiella were subject to whole-genome sequencing. The evolved phages had mutations in a small set of proteins that contribute to the baseplate portion of the phage virion. Phages MMNM and MMNM(Ala134) are minimalist phages, with baseplates formed from only five predicted subunits, akin to other minimalist phages Pam3 and XM1. The homology between all three minimalist phages provided a structural framework to interpret the two classes of mutations derived through evolution in the presence of the semi-permissive host: those that affect the interfacial surfaces between baseplate subunits, and those in a base-plate associated tail-fiber. This study evidences that multiple small mutations can be fixed into a sub-population of phage to provide a basis for phenotypic variation that we suggest could ultimately provide for a shift of virus properties, as an alternative evolutionary scenario to the major genetic events that result in more well-studied evolutionary mechanism of phage mosaicism. IMPORTANCE: Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that prey on bacteria. This study sampled natural phage populations to test the hypothesis that untapped genetic variation within a population can be the basis for the selection of phages to diversify their host-range. Sampling of a freshwater site revealed two populations of the phage Merri-merri-uth nyilam marra-natj (phage MMNM), differing by a variant residue (Val134Ala) in the baseplate protein MMNM_26. This sequence variation modulated bacterial killing in plaques, and further evolution of the phages on a semi-permissive bacterial host led to a new generation of phages with more diverse phenotypes in killing the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae