Electronic-Structure Calculations of Cation-Ordered II-III Layered Double Hydroxides: Origin of the Distortion of the Metal-Coordination Symmetry

Cation ordering brings down the crystal symmetry and introduces distortion into the coordination polyhedra around the divalent cations. In particular, edge sharing of the differently sized M(OH)6 polyhedra causes a non-uniform distension of the array of hydroxy ions. The question arises as to whether this distortion has its origin in the Jahn�Teller distortion of metal coordination or a 2D �Peierls�-type distortion of the array of hydroxy ions. To address this question, DFT calculations were performed on the sulfate-intercalated Cu�Cr, Zn�Cr, and Zn�Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs). An analysis of the density of states shows that the distortion of the Cu2+ coordination polyhedron is due to the Jahn�Teller effect, whereas the Zn2+ coordination polyhedron in Zn�Al LDH likely suffers a �Peierls�-type distortion. In the Zn�Cr LDH, electronic-structure calculations do not predict any distortion in the metal coordination, which is in agreement with experimental results that show only a slight departure from ideal symmetry. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Worship of the Forest Goddess in the Life of Irulas- Study

A relentless mixture of socially conscious human ethnic groups is spreading across human circles. The number of human hybrid groups has increased over the past thousand years as a result of the hybrid system, which began in the Pre-Paleolithic and became more and more widespread. It is clear that Kumari Kandam (a mythical continent believed to have been lost with an ancient Tamil civilization) is the land where a single organism multiplied into various beings and developed into human beings, and that the upright ape that emerged from that land was the beginning of the development of the human race. It can also be well understood that the Dravidian race is the hallmark of that early development of the race. In that order, the Tamil tribal tribes are the Irulas. The Coimbatore district has a large population of tribal people. These illiterate people belong to a generation that lived for about a thousand years. In the social life of the tribal people, from the time of the beginning of religious worship to the present day, the worship of the Goddess of the Forest occupies a special place. The purpose of this article is to examine those methods of worship

Strain Relaxation Mechanisms and Local Structural Changes in Si_{1-x}$Ge_{x} Alloys

In this work, we address issues pertinent to the understanding of the structural and electronic properties of Si_{1-x} Ge_{x}alloys, namely, (i) how does the lattice constant mismatch between bulk Si and bulk Ge manifests itself in the alloy system? and (ii) what are the relevant strain release mechanisms? To provide answers to these questions, we have carried out an in-depth study of the changes in the local geometric and electronic structures arising from the strain relaxation in Si_{1-x} Ge_{x} alloys using an ab initio molecular dynamics scheme. The optimized lattice constant, while exhibiting a general trend of linear dependence on the composition (Vegard's law), shows a negative deviation from Vegard's law in the vicinity of x=0.5. We delineate the mechanisms responsible for each one of the above features. We show that the radial-strain relaxation through bond stretching is responsible for the overall trend of linear dependence of the lattice constant on the composition. On the other hand, the negative deviation from Vegard's law is shown to arise from the angular-strain relaxation.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figure

Sans Signature Buffer Overflow Blocker

The objective of Sans Signature buffer overflow blocker mainly is to intercept communications between a server and client, analyse the contents for the presence of executable code and prevent the code reaching the server. In this project, Sans Signature is a signature free approach, which can identify and block new and unknown buffer overflow attacks. The system can intercept the data coming via various channels before the server receives the packets. Typically, the data exchanged with a standard application is the data related to the transaction. Therefore, the presence of executable code along with data is something unwarranted. This system will analyze the incoming of the data, check is it contains any executable code. If the executable code is found, the packet is dropped. If the data packet is found to be safe, it is allowed to pass through. The payload or data is analyzed at the application layer called Proxy based Sans Signature. The system has been designed to identify certain executable pattern that is considered harmful.  It also has a thresh hold limit beyond which, the packet will be considered to be discarded. Given the intelligence of the algorithm, it prevents most of the buffer overflow attacks. The system can handle the packet analysis in a transparent manner, thus making it suitable for deployment at Firewall/Application Gateway level. Hence, it is quite powerful and efficient with very low deployment and maintenance cost. Keywords: buffer overflow attacks, code-injection attacks, Defense-side obfuscatio

Effectiveness of Warm Compress in Sacral Area on Labour Pain during First stage of Labour among Primiparturients at Selected Hospital, Salem

A Study was conducted to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Warm Compress in sacral area on Labour Pain during 1st stage of Labour among Primiparturients at Selected Hospital, Salem. A Quasi experimental, time series design was adopted. Non probability convenience sampling technique was used to select 60 samples, among which 30 were assigned to experimental group and 30 were assigned to control group. Structured interview schedule was used to collect the demographic variables and Numerical Pain Intensity Scale was used to assess the level of labour pain. Warm compress was given for 15 minutes duration for every 1 hour and level of pain was assessed before and after each intervention. The collected data were analyzed and findings revealed that, In experimental group 12(40%) of them were in the age group of 21-25 years. In control group 9(30%) of them were undergraduates. In experimental and control group 19(63.3%) of them were unemployed. In experimental group 25(83.3%) of them were moderate workers, where as in control group 21(70%) of them were moderate workers. In experimental group 16(53.3%) of them were in 40 weeks of gestation and in control group 17(56.7%) of them were in 39 weeks of gestation. The mean differences of warm compress on level of labour pain in experimental group were 2.03, 2.43, 2.26 and 1.86, where as in control group values were 0.13, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.07 respectively. In experimental group, the calculated ‘t’ value on level of labour pain before and after warm compress was 16.65, 15.52, 17.95, 12.47 which is significant at p<0.05 level. Hence H1 was retained. In experimental group, the pre and post-test mean score was 9.96 + 0.78 and 8.10+0.71 respectively, where as in control group, the pre and post-test mean score was 8.46 + 0.50 and 8.53 + 0.50 respectively and the calculated ‘t’ value of experimental group were 16.65, 15.52, 17.95, 12.47 where as in control group ‘t’ values were 1.07, 0.57, 1.00, and 0.81.So there was a significant difference in the pre and post test mean score on level of labour pain in experimental and control group. Hence H2 was retained at p< 0.05 level. There was no significant association found between the level of labour pain among primiparturients with their selected demographic variables both in experimental and control group. Hence H3 was rejected. Warm compress is one of the alternative and complementary therapies, which is simple, safe and cost effective and found to be effective in reducing labour pain and also promotes psychological well being of the mother

Tip Withering Bug, Anoplocnemis phasiana (Fab.), Halts Grape Shoots: Friend or Foe, Arrival Time Explains

Pruning is a regular practice followed in grapevine,&nbsp;Vitis vinefera&nbsp;L., to keep the vine manageable and productive. However, immediately after pruning, the plants put out a new flush of leaves which attract several leaf-feeding insects, leading to defoliation and crinkling. Incidence of tip withering bug,&nbsp;Anoplocnemis phasiana&nbsp;(Fab.), usually coinciding with the period of halting practice, results in die-back of shoot tip and prevents extension of the shoot, thus halting shoot growth. Intricacies involved in incidence of this coreid bug on grapevine are discussed here

Effectiveness of Aroma Therapy Massage on Anxiety among elders at selected old age home, Madurai

OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy massage on anxiety among elders at selected old age home. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: the conceptual frame work based on CIPP Model, this model was created by Daniel L. Stufflebeam. It is an acronym that stands for context evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation and product evaluation. DESIGN: This study employed a one group pre test and post test design and the samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. SETTING OF THE STUDY: The study was conducted in selected old age homes (inba illam old age home) at Madurai. SUBJECTS: The study was conducted with the total number of 30 subject aged above 60 years. INTERVENTION: The selected sample received 10 minutes of aroma therapy massage as an individual session. Totally 15 sessions of aroma therapy massage was given. MAIN OUTCOME: Pre and post test anxiety were measured using Aaron beck anxiety scale before and after aroma therapy massage. FINDINGS: The aroma therapy massage proved that there is a difference between the pretest and posttest. It revealed that the calculated “t” value (17.743**) was much higher than the table value 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance. CONCLUSION: These findings support that the aroma therapy massage is an effective non pharmacological, Complementary and Alternative therapy to manage the anxiety among elders residing in old age home