DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ANTICANCER DRUGS-BOSUTINIB, ENCORAFENIB AND DABRAFENIB-A REVIEW

In this present situation there is an increase in the number of diseases has been observed but before this drug come to market, it must undergo several procedures. The validation and analytical methods are the important techniques that help in ensuring its purity and reliability. This process involves the use of various analytical techniques to collect data about the drug. This review includes various types of analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric and chromatography methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, hyphenation techniques such as LC-MS for the estimation of selected anti-cancer drugs

Identification and remediation of biases in the activity of RNA ligases in small-RNA deep sequencing

Deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNA-seq) is now the gold standard for small RNA profiling and discovery. Biases in sRNA-seq have been reported, but their etiology remains unidentified. Through a comprehensive series of sRNA-seq experiments, we establish that the predominant cause of the bias is the RNA ligases. We further demonstrate that RNA ligases have strong sequence-specific biases which distort the small RNA profiles considerably. We have devised a pooled adapter strategy to overcome this bias, and validated the method through data derived from microarray and qPCR. In light of our findings, published small RNA profiles, as well as barcoding strategies using adapter-end modifications, may need to be revisited. Importantly, by providing a wide spectrum of substrate for the ligase, the pooled-adapter strategy developed here provides a means to overcome issues of bias, and generate more accurate small RNA profiles

Impact of suboptimal APOBEC3G neutralization on the emergence of HIV drug resistance in humanized mice

HIV diversification facilitates immune escape and complicates antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we take advantage of a humanized mouse model to probe the contribution of APOBEC3 mutagenesis to viral evolution. Humanized mice were infected with isogenic HIV molecular clones (HIV-WT, HIV-45G, HIV-ΔSLQ) that differ in their ability to counteract APOBEC3G (A3G). Infected mice remained naïve or were treated with the RT inhibitor lamivudine (3TC). Viremia, emergence of drug resistant variants and quasispecies diversification in the plasma compartment were determined throughout infection. While both HIV-WT and HIV-45G achieved robust infection, over time HIV-45G replication was significantly reduced compared to HIV-WT in the absence of 3TC treatment. In contrast, treatment response differed significantly between HIV-45G and HIV-WT infected mice. Antiretroviral treatment failed in 91% of HIV-45G infected mice while only 36% of HIV-WT infected mice displayed a similar negative outcome. Emergence of 3TC resistant variants and nucleotide diversity were determined by analyzing 155,462 single HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and 6,985 vif sequences from 33 mice. Prior to treatment, variants with genotypic 3TC resistance (RT-M184I/V) were detected at low levels in over a third of all animals. Upon treatment, the composition of the plasma quasispecies rapidly changed leading to a majority of circulating viral variants encoding RT-184I. Interestingly, increased viral diversity prior to treatment initiation correlated with higher plasma viremia in HIV-45G but not in HIV-WT infected animals. Taken together, HIV variants with suboptimal anti-A3G activity were attenuated in the absence of selection but display a fitness advantage in the presence of antiretroviral treatment.IMPORTANCE Both viral (e.g., reverse transcriptase, RT) and host factors (e.g., APOBEC3G (A3G)) can contribute to HIV sequence diversity. This study shows that suboptimal anti-A3G activity shapes viral fitness and drives viral evolution in the plasma compartment of humanized mice

Nurturing After Birth Obstetric Nurses as the First Line of Defense Against Sepsis

Puerperal sepsis remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries like India. Gaps in self-care and awareness among postnatal mothers increase this risk. Obstetric nurses play a key role in guiding mothers through structured education during the vulnerable postnatal period. The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an obstetric nurse-guided intervention on self-care practices for the prevention of puerperal sepsis and the level of well-being among postnatal mothers.METHODS AND MATERIALS:A quasi-experimental design was adopted among 60 postnatal mothers selected by purposive sampling and assigned to experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The experimental group received a four-week nurse-guided intervention on self-care, while the control group received routine care. Data were collected using validated tools (WHO-5 Well-Being Index, Modified Self-Care Questionnaire) and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics.RESULT & DISCUSSION:Pre-test showed average self-care (86.7% experimental, 90% control) and poor well-being (60%, 53.3%). Post-test, good self-care (66.7% vs. 23.3%) and well-being (73.3% vs. 20%) improved in the experimental group (p<0.001). These results indicate that both demographic and clinical factors strongly influence postnatal self-care and well-being. Similar findings by Masih and Balusamy (2023) and McCauley et al. (2021) highlight the role of socioeconomic and contextual determinants in shaping maternal outcomes, reinforcing the need for tailored, context-specific postpartum interventions.CONCLUSION:Nurse-guided intervention improved postnatal self-care and well-being, reducing infection risk and supporting better maternal outcomes through structured care

Transposon mutagenesis in Mycobacterium kansasii links a small RNA gene to colony morphology and biofilm formation and identifies 9,885 intragenic insertions that do not compromise colony outgrowth

Mycobacterium kansasii (Mk) is a resilient opportunistic human pathogen that causes tuberculosis-like chronic pulmonary disease and mortality stemming from comorbidities and treatment failure. The standard treatment of Mk infections requires costly, long-term, multidrug courses with adverse side effects. The emergence of drug-resistant isolates further complicates the already challenging drug therapy regimens and threatens to compromise the future control of Mk infections. Despite the increasingly recognized global burden of Mk infections, the biology of this opportunistic pathogen remains essentially unexplored. In particular, studies reporting gene function or generation of defined mutants are scarce. Moreover, no transposon (Tn) mutagenesis tool has been validated for use in Mk, a situation limiting the repertoire of genetic approaches available to accelerate the dissection of gene function and the generation of gene knockout mutants in this poorly characterized pathogen. In this study, we validated the functionality of a powerful Tn mutagenesis tool in Mk and used this tool in conjunction with a forward genetic screen to establish a previously unrecognized role of a conserved mycobacterial small RNA gene of unknown function in colony morphology features and biofilm formation. We also combined Tn mutagenesis with next-generation sequencing to identify 12,071 Tn insertions that do not compromise viability in vitro. Finally, we demonstrated the susceptibility of the Galleria mellonella larva to Mk, setting the stage for further exploration of this simple and economical infection model system to the study of this pathogen

Variant (E484K) ALERT - Ligation-Dependent Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification v1

A 2-hour, 2-temperature protocol, using RNA templated DNA ligation, for the visual detection of the E484K mutation of concern pertaining to SARS-CoV-2. N.B. This is the first version of this protocol, stay tuned for increased sensitivity and multiplexing (A.B.) </p

Epidemiological pattern of lung cancer in a tertiary care centre-A prospective observational study

Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An increasing incidence of lung cancer has been observed in India. Aim of the study: To evaluate epidemiological profile oflung cancer in a tertiary care centre, South Kerala. Methodology: Prospective observational study, conducted at Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, South Kerala, in 160 consecutive patients with histopathological diagnosis of lungcancer. Data on demography, symptoms, smoking status, physical findings, diagnostic modalities, histological diagnosis, and TNM stagewere recorded using a structured questionnaire. For inferential statistics, comparison between groups of qualitative variables were analysed by chi-square test and quantitative variables were compared by student t test. P value of less than 0.05 was considered as level of significance. Results: Out of 160 consecutive lung cancer patients, 86.9% of patients were males. Male to Female ratio is 6.6: 1.50- 59 yrs was the commonest age group affected.11.3% were nonsmokers. 67.5% of smokers were having smoking index more than 500. COPD was the commonest co morbidity (58%) in the study. Adenocarcinoma (41.9%) was the commonest histological type in our study and this was the commonest histologicaltype seen in females and nonsmokers. In smokers, squamous cell carcinoma (91.3%) was more common. 66.9% of patients were at TNM stage 3 or 4 at the time of diagnosis only 5% of patients were in surgically resectable stage. Conclusion: It was found out that Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histopathological type and majority of patients were at advanced stage at the time of diagnosis