The Future of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Biological Control of Codling Moth

Resistance of codling moth against Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) products has alarmed growers, extension services, the CpGV producers and the scientific community. During the last two years many activities were initiated in Germany and in Europe to understand this phenomenon and to overcome this problem. Meanwhile, first important results about the distribution, mode of inheritance and the efficacy of novel CpGV isolates overcoming CpGV resistance became available. This contribution will provide an overview about the different developments and the progress made towards an improvement of CpGV application in the future

What do we (need to) know about low-susceptibility of codling moth against Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)!

In 2005, the first codling moth (CM) populations with a reduced susceptibility to Cydia pomonella granulovi-rus (CpGV) products have been observed. This phenomenon might be an indicator of an emerging resis-tance of CM to CpGV. This paper summarizes some aspects of CM CpGV interaction and discusses poten-tial mechanisms in the host virus interaction, which could contribute to the observed low susceptibility. In order to develop and implement successful resistance management strategies, much more knowledge about the plasticity of CM CpGV interaction and the diversity of CM populations is essential

AFLPs: genetic markers for paternity studies in newts (Triturus vulgaris)

DNA-based genetic markers can reveal paternity whenever the direct assignment of fathers to offspring is precluded by multiple matings and internal fertilisation. Microsatellites are the current marker of choice in many behavioural studies, and have revealed important insights into genetic mating systems of European amphibians. However, the number of amphibian species for which the time-consuming designing of locus-specific microsatellite primers was successful is still limited, and the cross-utilisation of existing markers to closely related taxa seems to have a particularly low success rate. Allozymes can infer parentage without a species-specific protocol, but, due to their low degree of polymorphism, in mate choice experiments require the a priori screening of individuals. Dominant markers such as RAPDs successfully identified closely-related amphibian species and their hybrids, but might be less suited to distinguish between closely related individuals with a putatively high frequency of shared bands

What do we (need to) know about low-susceptibility of codling moth against Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)!

In 2005, the first codling moth (CM) populations with a reduced susceptibility to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) products have been observed. This phenomenon might be an indicator of an emerging resistance of CM to CpGV. This paper summarizes some aspects of CM CpGV interaction and discusses potential mechanisms in the host virus interaction, which could contribute to the observed low susceptibility. In order to develop and implement successful resistance management strategies, much more knowledge about the plasticity of CM CpGV interaction and the diversity of CM populations is essential

A model of glueballs

We model the observed glueball mass spectrum in terms of energies for tightly knotted and linked QCD flux tubes. The data is fit well with one parameter. We predict additional glueball masses.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; minor changes, comments added, typos correcte

Trigger-Videos als Training im Umgang mit Unterrichtskonflikten – Videoeinsatz in der Lehrer*innenbildung der DDR sowie in der Transformationsphase an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Als Trigger-Videos wurden seit Ende der 1980er Jahre in Kontexten der Lehrer*innenbildung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (HU) entstandene Videoaufzeichnungen bezeichnet, die kritische Unterrichtssituationen zeigten und in Lehrveranstaltungen zur Diskussion anregen sollten. Dieser Beitrag gibt zuerst einen kurzen einführenden Überblick über erhaltene Bestände audiovisueller Unterrichtsaufzeichnungen aus der DDR und rekonstruiert dann die praktische Arbeit mit diesen Aufzeichnungen in der Lehrer*innenbildung an der HU mithilfe eines Zeitzeugenberichts und zeitgenössischen Publikationen. Anschließend soll danach gefragt werden, wie das hier dargestellte Beispiel eines Trigger-Videos in diesen Zusammenhang eingeordnet werden kann. Abschließend wird überlegt, ob und inwiefern die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Dokumenten in einem produktiven Sinn zu einer Reflexion aktueller Ansätze des Videoeinsatzes in der Lehrer*innenbildung beitragen kann

Masses and Interactions of q-Fermionic Knots

The q-electroweak theory suggests a description of elementary particles as solitons labelled by the irreducible representations of SU_q(2). Since knots may also be labelled by the irreducible representations of SU_q(2), we study a model of elementary particles based on a one-to-one correspondence between the four families of Fermions (leptons, neutrinos, (-1/3) quarks, (2/3) quarks) and the four simplest knots (trefoils). In this model the three particles of each family are identified with the ground and first two excited states of their common trefoil. Guided by the standard electroweak theory we calculate conditions restricting the masses of the fermions and the interactions between them. In its present form the model predicts a fourth generation of fermions as well as a neutrino spectrum. The same model with q almost equal to 1 is compatible with the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix. Depending on the test of these predictions, the model may be refined.Comment: 40 pages, 2 figures, latex forma

Bottlenecks of SME in services and craft enterprises and their elimination in rural areas of the Czech Republic: A trial to use traditional regional economic measures

Relatively few studies have explored the bottlenecks of SME of services and craft-enterprises in rural areas of the Czech Republic. On the basis of an theoretical and empirical approach in two sample regions in the Czech Republic these aspects are stressed. Starting form the obser-vation of differences in growth rates of new established enterprises between rural areas and agglomerations by shifts-share analysis a sector with strong locational influences on its development is identified and confirmed by a standardized questionnaire, which act also as measure to evaluate locational aspects of enterprises in these sector. The second section of this paper will stress variables that directly relate to the grading of location factors within local areas. Other data encompassed by the variables are descriptive. Some variables deal with the question of education skills of workers. We have also included data on total employment controlling for age and gender. Development performance of the enterprises will be assessed on the basis of their strengths and their weaknesses. Another set of variables concern human resources. A final set of variables pertain to the geographical linkages between region and enterprises, which have been recognized as important factors in the development of small firms. At issue is here, whether there are patterns of geographical linkages correlated with the local industrial mix. Variables such as local, statewide, and national technical input linkages address questions about non- material backward or input linkages. These linkages refer to a wide range of facilities or services such as research and technology centers as well as external services. Variables concerning forward or market linkages include sales of the enterprises in various regions. Another set of variables encompassed information on investment and venture capital. On the basis and knowledge of the current programs for SME development in the Czech Re-public the third sector will try to elaborate an structural policy approach which stress measures for assistance in regional development by a focus on networking as well in enterprises as in public organizations and between organizations and enterprises. This institutional approach makes it possible to draw some conclusions for future research on rural development in transition economies as well as an contribution to help the development of transition economies. In the last sector, an integrated policy approach for the rural development will be made and its impact on the current organization of the state and its territorial institutions