Magnetic Properties of Dilute Alloys: Equations for Magnetization and its Structural Fluctuations

The dilute Heisenberg ferromagnet is studied taking into account fluctuations of magnetization caused by disorder. A self-consistent system of equations for magnetization and its mean quadratic fluctuations is derived within the configurationally averaged two-time temperature Green's function method. This system of equations is analised at low concentration of non-magnetic impurities. Mean relative quadratic fluctuations of magnetization are revealed to be proportional to the square of concentration of impurities.Comment: 16 pages, LaTe

Room temperature spin Kondo effect and intermixing in Co/Cu non-local spin valves

The anomalous low temperature suppression of the spin accumulation signalDRNLin non-localspin valves (NLSVs) based on common ferromagnet (FM)/normal metal (N) pairings has recentlybeen shown to result from a manifestation of the Kondo effect. Local magnetic moments in the Ndue to even minor levels of FM/N interdiffusion depolarize the injected spin current, suppressingthe effective spin polarization around and below the Kondo temperatureTK. Previous studies havefocused on FM/N combinations that happen to have lowTKso that Kondo effects occur only wellbelow 300 K. Here, we study NLSVs based on Co/Cu, a materials combination that is not onlytechnologically relevant but also has a highTK, up to 500 K. Despite the negligibleequilibriumsol-ubility of Co in Cu, we find clear Kondo effects in bothDRNLand Cu resistivity, due to Co/Cuintermixing that we probeviaquantitative transmission electron microscopy. Most significantly,under certain conditions the spin Kondo effect suppresses the injected spin polarizationeven atroom temperature, with important technological implications. Studies as a function of the Cu thick-ness and annealing temperature reveal complex trends in interdiffusion lengths and Kondo effects,which we interpret in terms of the interplay between diffusion kinetics and thermodynamics, aswell as the thickness dependence of the Kondo effect

Sensitivity of Arctic warming to sea ice concentration

We examine the sensitivity of Arctic amplification (AA) to background sea ice concentration (SIC) under greenhouse warming by analyzing the data sets of the historical and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. To determine whether the sensitivity of AA for a given radiative forcing depends on background SIC state, we examine the relationship between the AA trend and mean SIC on moving 30 year windows from 1960 to 2100. It is found that the annual mean AA trend varies depending on the mean SIC condition. In particular, some models show a highly variable AA trend in relation to the mean SIC clearly. In these models, the AA trend tends to increase until the mean SIC reaches a critical level (i.e., 20-30%), and the maximum AA trend is almost 3 to 5 times larger than the trend in the early stage of global warming (i.e., 50-60%, 60-70%). However, the AA trend tends to decrease after that. Further analysis shows that the sensitivity of AA trend to mean SIC condition is closely related to the feedback processes associated with summer surface albedo and winter turbulent heat flux in the Arctic Ocean.1111Ysciescopu

Statistical variability study of random dopant fluctuation on gate-all-around inversion-mode silicon nanowire field-effect transistors

Random dopant fluctuation effects of gate-all-around inversion-mode silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) with different diameters and extension lengths are investigated. The nanowire FETs with smaller diameter and longer extension length reduce average values and variations of subthreshold swing and drain-induced barrier lowering, thus improving short channel immunity. Relative variations of the drain currents increase as the diameter decreases because of decreased current drivability from narrower channel cross-sections. Absolute variations of the drain currents decrease critically as the extension length increases due to decreasing the number of arsenic dopants penetrating into the channel region. To understand variability origins of the drain currents, variations of source/drain series resistance and low-field mobility are investigated. All these two parameters affect the variations of the drain currents concurrently. The nanowire FETs having extension lengths sufficient to prevent dopant penetration into the channel regions and maintaining relatively large cross-sections are suggested to achieve suitable short channel immunity and small variations of the drain currents. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.open111415sciescopu

Direct observation of the formation of polar nanoregions in Pb(Mg <inf>1/3</inf>Nb<inf>2/3</inf>)O<inf>3</inf> using neutron pair distribution function analysis

Using neutron pair distribution function analysis over the temperature range from 1000 to 15 K, we demonstrate the existence of local polarization and the formation of medium-range, polar nanoregions (PNRs) with local rhombohedral order in a prototypical relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb 2/3)O3. We estimate the volume fraction of the PNRs as a function of temperature and show that this fraction steadily increases from 0% to a maximum of ∼30% as the temperature decreases from 650 to 15 K. Below T ∼ 200 K the volume fraction of the PNRs becomes significant, and PNRs freeze into the spin-glass-like state. © 2005 The American Physical Society

Magnetic domain tuning and the emergence of bubble domains in the bilayer manganite La 2−2x Sr 1+2x Mn 2 O 7 (x=0.32)

We report a magnetic force microscopy study of the magnetic domain evolution in the layered manganite La2-2x Sr1+2x Mn2O7 (with x = 0.32). This strongly correlated electron compound is known to exhibit a wide range of magnetic phases, including a recently uncovered biskyrmion phase. We observe a continuous transition from dendritic to stripelike domains, followed by the formation of magnetic bubbles due to a field-and temperaturedependent competition between in-plane and out-of-plane spin alignments. The magnetic bubble phase appears at comparable field and temperature ranges as the biskyrmion phase, suggesting a close relation between both phases. Based on our real-space images we construct a temperature-field phase diagram for this composition.open115Ysciescopu

Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium, Escherichia coli

Cellular metabolism, the integrated interconversion of thousands of metabolic substrates through enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions, is the most investigated complex intercellular web of molecular interactions. While the topological organization of individual reactions into metabolic networks is increasingly well understood, the principles governing their global functional utilization under different growth conditions pose many open questions. We implement a flux balance analysis of the E. coli MG1655 metabolism, finding that the network utilization is highly uneven: while most metabolic reactions have small fluxes, the metabolism's activity is dominated by several reactions with very high fluxes. E. coli responds to changes in growth conditions by reorganizing the rates of selected fluxes predominantly within this high flux backbone. The identified behavior likely represents a universal feature of metabolic activity in all cells, with potential implications to metabolic engineering.Comment: 15 pages 4 figure

Multi-dimensional TOF-SIMS analysis for effective profiling of disease-related ions from the tissue surface

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) emerges as a promising tool to identify the ions (small molecules) indicative of disease states from the surface of patient tissues. In TOF-SIMS analysis, an enhanced ionization of surface molecules is critical to increase the number of detected ions. Several methods have been developed to enhance ionization capability. However, how these methods improve identification of disease-related ions has not been systematically explored. Here, we present a multi-dimensional SIMS (MD-SIMS) that combines conventional TOF-SIMS and metal-assisted SIMS (MetA-SIMS). Using this approach, we analyzed cancer and adjacent normal tissues first by TOF-SIMS and subsequently by MetA-SIMS. In total, TOF- and MetA-SIMS detected 632 and 959 ions, respectively. Among them, 426 were commonly detected by both methods, while 206 and 533 were detected uniquely by TOF- and MetA-SIMS, respectively. Of the 426 commonly detected ions, 250 increased in their intensities by MetA-SIMS, whereas 176 decreased. The integrated analysis of the ions detected by the two methods resulted in an increased number of discriminatory ions leading to an enhanced separation between cancer and normal tissues. Therefore, the results show that MD-SIMS can be a useful approach to provide a comprehensive list of discriminatory ions indicative of disease states.1178Ysciescopu

PGC-Enriched miRNAs Control Germ Cell Development

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Superconductivity below 20 K in heavily electron-doped surface layer of FeSe bulk crystal

A superconducting transition temperature (T-c) as high as 100 K was recently discovered in one monolayer FeSe grown on SrTiO3. The discovery ignited efforts to identify the mechanism for the markedly enhanced T-c from its bulk value of 8 K. There are two main views about the origin of the T-c enhancement: interfacial effects and/or excess electrons with strong electron correlation. Here, we report the observation of superconductivity below 20 K in surface electron-doped bulk FeSe. The doped surface layer possesses all the key spectroscopic aspects of the monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3. Without interfacial effects, the surface layer state has a moderate T-c of 20 K with a smaller gap opening of 4.2 meV. Our results show that excess electrons with strong correlation cannot induce the maximum T-c, which in turn reveals the need for interfacial effects to achieve the highest T-c in one monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3.1116Ysciescopu