Community Driven Development in Contexts of Conflict. Concept Paper Commissioned by ESSD, World Bank

Violent conflict represents not only a significant barrie r to development; it also wipes out efforts to improve the situation. Experience from many developing countries has shown that Community Driven Development (CDD) programmes have been particularly effective in establishing or expanding essential social services and physical infrastructure at the local level. However, using CDD approaches in a conflict context as a means in post-war rehabilitation represents new challenges. When carried out in contexts of past or persistent conflict, CDD projects are confronted with some major challenges: •communities where projects are set may be deeply divided; •power is unequally distributed; •lines between combatants and civilians may be blurred; •a need to address past traumas may give rise to calls for inquiries or trials; and •economic recovery and basic services may be urgently needed. Nonetheless, the point of departure in this paper commissioned by the CDD unit of the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD) Network of the World Bank, is that participatory and demand-led development approaches might potentially address three critical concerns in conflict contexts: •The need for speedy and cost-effective delivery of reconstruction assistance. •The need to improve the state-citizen relationship. •The need to create alternative forms of community organisation that foster reconciliation between factions of the society

Sustaining local level development: What worked and what did not. Lessons from the phasing-out of Norwegian aid to the Hambantota Integrated Rural Development Programme (HIRDEP), Sri Lanka 1992 to 1999

Aid has been successful when it is no longer needed, but we all too often see how aid breeds dependency, and how both donors and recipients have difficulties preparing for termination of the relationship. This is a study of a case of planned phasing-out. Commissioned by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the Ministry of Southern Area Development, Government of Sri Lanka, it summarises the main experiences and lessons from twenty years of cooperation in the Hambantota District with a focus on the last phase from 1992 to 1999. The study looks at two broad themes. Firstly, how were the achievements of HIRDEP in building a more responsive public sector sustained within a changing government structure? And secondly, how did HIRDEP contribute to the new policies of the 1990s of strengthening economic growth, and, in particular, promote institutions able to create economic opportunities for the poor? The phasing-out did not go as initially planned. The scalingdown of HIRDEP’s expenditure was not gradual. It first peaked and then nose-dived, which indicate that the HIRDEP-organisation tried to sustain a high level of activity as long as possible. Moreover, NORAD changed the policy course mid-way as new political concerns were brought into the picture – especially private sector development. With the faltering local government reform, it turned out that the new divisions were not capable of replicating and sustaining the development approaches pioneered by HIRDEP. In general, capacity building in public institutions could only be sustained where other financial resources filled some of the vacuum after the withdrawal of HIRDEP. Probably the most lasting impact of HIRDEP will be its efforts in institution building at the grassroots, related to microcredit and the management of local infrastructure – irrigation, drinking water supply, community centres etc. HIRDEP’s attempt to establish new small-scale industries, by-and-large, failed, while its role as a midwife to the birth of Hambantota District Chamber of Commerce is a remarkable success. Twenty years of HIRDEP has demonstrated the virtues of having a development catalyst at sub-national level, and the authors make a strong plea for making use of this experience when, at this juncture, government and donors are preparing for reconstruction and development in the war-torn parts of the island

Advanced experimental analysis of a small-scale prototype with noble gases for the future upgrade of the detector cooling system at CERN

Som en del av High-Luminous oppgraderingen av Large Hadron Collider ved CERN i 2026, er det nye krav til kjøling av detektorene i interaksjonspunktene. Det nåværende systemet bruker CO₂ som kjølemiddel, og de nye kravene er utenfor kjøleevnen til CO₂. Krypton studeres for tiden som kuldemedium for det nye systemet. Denne oppgaven ser på kravene til kjølesystemet, gitt kravene til stabilitet og de krevende omgivelsene rundt detektorene. Deretter ser den på dagens kjølesystem og hvordan det oppfyller kravene. Den siste delen av teorien vurderer Krypton som et kjølemiddel og hvordan det foreslåtte nye systemet fungerer. En forenklet versjon av det nye systemet er simulert med CO₂ som kjølemiddel i Modelica. Som et supplement til dette er det laget en matematisk simulering ved hjelp av Matlab, som bruker mållikninger for å simulere varmesyklusen. Dette er gjort for også å vurdere hvordan systemet påvirkes av ulike strømningsområder i driverdysen i ejektoren. Begge de forenklede systemene fungerer for de gitte driftsforholdene, et transkritisk system med en gitt fordampningsbelastning som representerer detektorvarmen. Matlab-modellen klarer ikke å beregne de fysiske egenskapene inni ejektoren riktig, dette resulterer i en annen dampkvalitet ut av ejektoren, enn den i Modelica-modellen. Denne forskjellen påvirker væskemassestrømmen og dermed hele den passive sløyfen. Endringene i strømning i driverdysen reduserer dampkvaliteten med økende strømningsareal. Dette resultatet er den samme effekten som en justerbar posisjonsdyse, men responsen i systemet er større enn forventet for små endringer i strømningsarealet. Den matematiske modellen er kun anvendelig for de gitte driftsforholdene. Den videre anbefalingen er å jobbe videre med designet av driverdysen slik at denne er optimalisert. Detektorene ved CERN befinner seg i en eksperimentell hule som er avstengt, det er derfor viktig å ha nøyaktige måledata. For å analysere effekten av unøyaktige måledata har det vært gjort en undersøkelse av ulike unøyaktigheter i temperatur- og trykksensorer. Den første metoden som ble brukt for å se på dette var å holde den ene målingen uforandret og endre den andre. Dette resulterte i store endringer i entalpi for mange av målingene siden fasetilstand ble endret i beregningene. Den andre metoden ser på den resulterende usikkerheten i varmeoverførings-hastigheten på kjølesiden av gasskjøleren. Dette viste at temperatursensorene hadde størst effekt på usikkerheten i varmeoverføringshastighetene, derfor er anbefalingen å allokere mer ressurser til å investere i mer presise temperatursensorer.As part of the High-Luminous upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2026, there are new requirements for cooling the detectors in the interaction points. The current system uses CO₂ as a refrigerant, and the new requirements are beyond the cooling capabilities of CO₂. Krypton is currently being studied as a refrigerant for the new system. This thesis looks at the requirements for the cooling system, given the demands for stability and the harsh environment surrounding the detectors. Then it looks into the current cooling system and how it fulfills the requirements. The final part of the theory assesses Krypton as a refrigerant and how the suggested new system operates. A simplified version of the new system has been simulated using CO₂ as a refrigerant in Modelica. As a supplement to this, a mathematical simulation using Matlab has been made that uses target equations to simulate the heat cycle. This has also been made to assess how the system is affected by different flow areas in the motive nozzle in the ejector. Both simplified systems work for the given operating conditions, a transcritical system with a given evaporation load representing the detector heat. The Matlab model does not calculate the ejector's physical properties correctly; this results in a different vapor quality out of the ejector than the one in the Modelica model. This difference affects the liquid mass flow rate and the entire passive loop. The changes in flow area in the motive nozzle decrease the vapor quality with increasing flow area. This result is the same effect as an adjustable position nozzle, but the response in the system is more significant than expected for small changes in the flow area. The mathematical model is only applicable for the given operating conditions. The recommendation for further work would be to investigate the optimized design for the motive nozzle. The detectors at CERN are in an experimental cave that is closed off; it is, therefore, essential to have accurate measuring data. There has been an investigation into different inaccuracies in temperature and pressure sensors to analyze the effect of inaccurate measuring data. The first method to look at this was to keep one measurement unchanged and change the other. This resulted in significant changes in enthalpy for many of the measurements since the calculations changed the phase state. The other method looks at the resulting uncertainty in the heat transfer rate on the refrigeration side of the gas cooler. This showed that the temperature sensors had the most significant effect on the uncertainty of the heat transfer rates. Therefore the recommendation is to allocate more resources to invest in more precise temperature sensors

Exploring the Research-Policy Linkage: The Case of Reforms in Financing Primary Education in Tanzania

Tanzania abolished school fees in primary schools as from 2002. This move was made possible because of shifts in the policy of major donors, not least the World Bank. In the subsequent years Tanzania recorded a rapid increase in enrolment rates. It is generally argued that fees in primary education turn away children from school, but researchers disagree on the relative importance of this effect. In this paper we use this case of policy reform to study the role of research. Was this an example of evidence-based policy making? If so, where did the evidence come from? Our main focus was on the role of national researchers and findings from relevant research on Tanzania. The study shows that this research has had particular problems in becoming relevant and used, and identify the major factors that can explain its marginal role

Asian Models for Aid: Is there a Non-Western Approach to Development Assistance? Summary record of seminar held in Oslo, December 2006

The expansion of the international donor community clearly challenges the current “consensus” of a new “harmonised” aid architecture, and calls for strategies on how to adjust to an aid landscape with greater plurality and variety, for recipients and donors alike. A first step for a donor like Norway is to ask what can be learned from the Asian donors on new or alternative forms of donorship. What can we learn from Japan’s extensive aid experience, but also from China and India which started south-south cooperation and aid programmes back in the early 1950s? Do they represent alternative thinking on what brings economic development and poverty reduction? Will this challenge some of the basic ideas underpinning the current emphasis of national poverty reduction strategies supported by the donor community? Such questions formed the background for a seminar arranged in Oslo, 5 December, 2006, with experts on Japan, China, India and South Korea. This report is a summary of the main messages and arguments

Rukwa Ruka. The attempt of a foreign donor to uplift a neglected region: A study of the impact of Norwegian aid to Rukwa Region, Tanzania

From 1978 to 1996 a close link existed between one of Tanzania’s least developed regions and Norway. Norway provided aid to the tune of 400 million kroner, or about 70 million dollar, with the broad goal of improving the material wellbeing of the people. By reviewing the development situation of the region today, more than 10 years after the decision by Norad to terminate the Rukwa Integrated Rural Development Programme (RUDEP) this study looks at the impact of this aid. Rukwa still ranks among the poorest regions in Tanzania. Yet, there is evidence of enhanced living standard during RUDEP in areas where transport improved and villages were provided clean water and primary health care services. This is also an account of development ideas no longer in vogue – “integrated” and “participatory” rural development – and the encounter with the realities at the time of a country in economic crisis undergoing frequent policy shifts. What worked, what didn’t and what lessons for future aid

Managing Aid Exit and Transformation. Lessons from Botswana, Eritrea, India, Malawi and South Africa. Synthesis Report

What are the consequences in the recipient countries, when donor countries close down their bilateral aid programmes? Are exit practices consistent with established principles of partnership and mutuality in development co-operation? These are the two main questions under scrutiny in this evaluation initiated in 2005 by four donor countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The evaluation is based on country studies in Botswana, Eritrea, India, Malawi and South Africa including 14 exit cases involving any one of the four donors. It is a joint donor evaluation, and representatives of the partner countries were consulted in various ways. The evaluation was carried out in 2007/08 by a consortium of ECORYS (the Netherlands) and Chr. Michelsen Institute (Norway). It was guided by a Steering Group with representatives of the four commissioning donors, and Sida acted as lead agency in the management of the evaluation

Self-interest and global responsibility: Aid policies of South Korea and India in the making

How can we understand the emerging donors? The role of ‘emerging’ donors is currently at the heart of the international aid discourse, but so far, the knowledge of these actors in aid is inadequate. There is a need to explore what they are representing. This study investigates the aid policies of India and South Korea. Both countries represent a rather diverse group of countries that has been lumped together as ‘emerging’ donors. The better part of the existing studies on emerging donors is focusing on Chinese aid. Less attention is being devoted to other countries. Together with Japan, the increased aid ambitions of China, South Korea and India herald a growing Asian influence on the global aid architecture. What will be the effects? Will an Asian approach to development assistance emerge? The answers are yet to come, but a comparison of South Korea’s and India’s aid policies does provide some indications. Central to this is how tensions between self-interest and global responsibility are articulated, or glossed over, as some would argue, when Asian donors refer to the principle of “mutual benefit”

Poverty and development in Tanzania: A discussion note

This brief discussion note is focusing on major policy issues confronting Tanzania when aiming at a substantial reduction in poverty level over the next decades. The government has high ambitions for creating high quality livelihoods and eradication of extreme poverty by year 2025, within a liberal growth-oriented development framework. The starting point is most challenging with widespread poverty and a relatively weak state highly dependent on international donors. It is therefore not realistic that Tanzania will achieve the International Development Target in reducing the poverty level. The paper proposes to analyse five dimensions of policies for poverty reduction. The government will have to make a number of policy choices and trade-offs when attempting to combine economic opportunities with protection of safeguards and minimum rights. The paper reveals many uncertainties about the level and trends in poverty, and a stronger effort should be made to improve data and analysis. Most important is to generate a better understanding of the causes and social dynamics of poverty, and to monitor the effects of various policy initiatives

Mid-term review of the country programme (MoU: 2003:2008) between Norway and Bangladesh

This report provides an assessment of Norway’s bilateral development assistance to Bangladesh, covering the period 2003 to 2007, based on information collected on a selection of projects within the country programme. A mid-term review commissioned by the Norwegian Embassy in Dhaka and Norad, it analyses relevance and impacts with reference to the overall objectives stated in the Memorandum of Understanding (2003-2008) between the two governments and to current development challenges facing Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been an important development partner for Norway for more than 30 years. Poverty is still widespread and Bangladesh is currently in a critical political situation with a caretaker government having operated for the last 18 months. A key feature of the new government has been the emphasis it has put on fighting corruption. The review concludes that the Norwegian aid programme is relevant. It focuses on key sectors, such as education, human rights, gender and private sector development. These are all of particular importance for poverty reduction in Bangladesh. It should be noted that this conclusion is not based on a rigorous impact assessment (with baseline data) and draws on reviews of a selection of projects rather than the whole portfolio. There is one exception to the overall positive assessment. The review questions the justification for the private sector support (SEDF) as it does not appear to be targeting the poor. Norway is generally perceived as a reliable aid donor and one with a strong emphasis on human rights and gender issues. In several cases, Norway has served as a bridge-builder between the GoB and multilateral institutions through its emphasis on recipient responsibility. The review team is concerned that future aid to Bangladesh seems to have been determined by a recent decision to downsize the Embassy rather than by a careful assessment of past experience, impacts achieved and the needs of the country. It is of concern that this approach stands in sharp contrast to the perception of Norway as a transparent development partner with a high regard for recipient ownership. The review recommends continued support to the education sector but this requires that the total aid budget to Bangladesh is kept more or less at the current level. Norway should continue its support to human right organisations in Bangladesh. Norway has also played a critically important role on gender issues – and should continue to do so. Regarding private sector support, the review suggests that Norway should develop a clearer strategy for its involvement and consider targeting more of its aid to micro-enterprises or to energy development