Almost Quiet On The Copyright Front: eBay’s False Alarm

In the current digital millennium, intellectual property law is constantly besieged by new technologies, threatening various patent, trademark, and copyright protections. Though intellectual property law shields individual rights on the one hand, on the other hand the overarching purpose of this protection was not to espouse a regime of private ownership, but to imbue the Founders’ intent within a legal framework by “promot[ing] the Progress of Science and the useful Arts,” through “secur[ing] for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” The grant of a copyright was merely a means to serve the general public’s end, with that end being the dissemination of ideas and inventions to an increasingly sophisticated populace

Application of theory of possibility and random-fuzzy variables (RFVs) in Kalman filter and Bayes' theorem for Industrial conformity analysis

DOTTORATOLa misurazione ha sempre affascinato gli esseri umani. Con la crescente necessità di misurazione, c'è stato un bisogno crescente di teorie matematiche per esprimere la nostra conoscenza sulla misurazione. La teoria dell'errore è stata la prima teoria che ha tentato di quantificare la certezza sulla misurazione. Più recentemente, la teoria dell'incertezza è stata proposta ed è ampiamente accettata ed è attualmente in uso. Come dice il nome, la teoria dell'incertezza quantifica l'incertezza o la quantità di dubbio che abbiamo sulla misurazione. La teoria matematica che è stata adattata per rappresentare è stata a lungo la teoria della probabilità. Ma, con la crescente complessità degli scenari e quindi dei dati negli scenari, la teoria della probabilità non è più adeguata per trattare tutte le classi di dati. La teoria della possibilità e, più specificamente, random-fuzzy variables (RFVs) costituiscono una scelta interessante per rappresentare l'incertezza poiché le RFV possono rappresentare contributi sia sistematici che casuali all'incertezza in modo matematicamente accurato. Ci sono state molte ricerche corrispondenti all'applicazione della teoria della possibilità e delle RFV in diversi campi. Ma, finora, non ci sono state molte ricerche sul filtro di Kalman, specialmente usando RFV. Allo stesso modo, non ci sono state molte ricerche sull'uso di RFV in un ambiente industriale, specialmente nel teorema di Bayes durante un'analisi di conformità. Questo è ciò su cui si concentra la mia tesi. Questa tesi presenta una panoramica dei concetti esistenti in metrologia e filtri kalman. Quindi, viene fornita una nuova definizione per un filtro di Kalman che utilizza RFV. Quindi il filtro di Kalman definito è stato applicato in alcuni casi di studio. Quindi, è stata proposta un'altra versione leggermente modificata del filtro Kalman basato su RFV che consente di compensare parzialmente l'errore sistematico. Infine, è stata presentata una panoramica dell'analisi di conformità insieme a una panoramica dell'uso del teorema di Bayes in metrologia e per la valutazione della conformità. Infine, vengono forniti gli svantaggi dell'uso cieco del teorema di Bayes insieme a una versione modificata del teorema di Bayes in modo tale da utilizzare gli RFV insieme a una simulazione basata e alla convalida sperimentale dell'idea proposta.Measurement has always fascinated humans. With growing need for measurement, there has been a growing need for mathematical theories to express our knowledge about the measurement. The theory of error was the first theory that attempted to quantify the certainty about the measurement. More recently, the theory of uncertainty has been proposed and is widely accepted and is currently in use. As the name says, the theory of uncertainty quantifies the uncertainty or the amount of doubt we have about the measurement. The mathematical theory that has been adapted to represent has long been the theory of probability. But, with growing complexity of scenarios and thereby the data in the scenarios, the theory of probability is no more adequate to deal with all classes of data. The theory of possibility and more specifically, Random-fuzzy variables form an interesting choice to represent uncertainty since RFVs can represent both systematic and random contributions to uncertainty in a mathematically accurate way. There has been a lot of research corresponding to the application of the theory of possibility and RFVs in different fields. But, so far, there has not been much research in Kalman filter especially using RFVs. Similarly, there hasn’t been much research about the use of RFVs in an industrial setting especially in the Bayes’ theorem during a conformity analysis. This is what my thesis focuses on. This thesis presents an overview of the existing concepts in metrology and kalman filters. Then, a new definition for a Kalman filter using RFVs is provided. Then the defined Kalman filter has been applied in a few case studies. Then, another slightly modified version of the RFV based Kalman filter has been proposed which allows to partially compensate for the systematic error. Finally, an overview of the conformity analysis has been presented along with an overview of the use of Bayes’ theorem in metrology and for conformity assessment. Finally, the drawbacks of using the Bayes’ theorem blindly are given along with a modified version of the Bayes’ theorem such that it uses the RFVs is given along with a simulation based as well as experimental validation of the proposed idea.DIPARTIMENTO DI ENERGIA34FERRERO, ALESSANDROMUSSETTA, MARC

PKM PEMANFAATAN PROBIOTIK UNTUK BUDIDAYA IKAN DI KAMPUNG KUMA I KECAMATAN TABUKAN TENGAH

Kampung Kuma 1 merupakan salah satu kampung di Kecamatan Tabukan Tengah, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Luas wilayah 1,59 Km2. Kampung ini mempunyai beberapa Sungai dan hal ini merupakan modal dalam mereka melakukan kegiatan budidaya ikan, (BPS 2017). Sebagian besar masyarakatnya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani dan juga ada yang bermata pencaharian sebagai nelayan. Kampung ini memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan usaha budidaya darat. Jenis Ikan yang dipelihara pada umumnya yaitu ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Program Kemitraan Masyarakat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan ketrampilan masyarakat pembudidaya tentang manajemen pakan, pembuatan pakan, pembuatan probiotik, pengelolaan kualitas air dan untuk pencegahan penyakit ikan. Metode yang dipakai yaitu penyuluhan dan diikuti dengan pelatihan dan pendampingan agar supaya masyarakat pembudidaya ikan dapat meningkatkan produksi budidaya. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dapatberjalan dengan baik. Masyarakat begitu antusias mengikuti setiap tahapan kegiatan penyuluhan maupun pelatihan

PELATIHAN PERENCANAAN PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA IKAN DI KAMPUNG KUMA 1 KECAMATAN TABUKAN TENGAH

Pengembangan budidaya ikan air tawar memerlukan strategi yang melibatkan berbagai pihak terkait mulai dari awal perencanaan sampai pada pelaksanaan di lapangan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan memberikan pelatihan tentang penyusunan perencanaan pengembangan budidaya ikan di Kampung Kuma 1. Kegiatan diikuti oleh Pemerintah Kampung Kuma 1, Kapitalaung bersama dengan perangkat kampung, Babinsa, MTK, Ketua PKK, Ketua LPMK, perwakilan dari masyarakat pembudidaya ikan. Kegiatan penyuluhan dan pelatihan dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2020, dengan materi yang diberikan yaitu (1) Potensi budidaya ikan air tawar Kampung Kuma 1, (2) Program pengembangan budidaya ikan air tawar (3) Praktek penyusunan program pengembangan dengan skala prioritas. Hasil kegiatan PKMS dituangkan dalam dokumen usulan rencana pengembangan budidaya ikan. Peserta kegiatan sangat antusias dengan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan karena kegiatan ini dirasa sangat bermanfaat bagi kampung kuma 1 khususnya dalam kegiatan pembangunan, dimana Kampung Kuma 1 yang sementara mempersiapkan perencanaan pembangunan desa untuk tahun 2021.   The development of freshwater aquaculture requires a collaborative strategy among fisheries stakeholders, ranging from establishing initial plans to implementation in the field. This community service (PKMS) aimed to provide fisheries extension (fishery advisoy service) and training on fish farming development plan in Kuma 1 Village. It was attended by the vilage’s officials (the local governments, head of the village, Babinsa, MTK, head of PKK, head of LPMK) and representatives of fish farming community from the village. Fishery advisory service and training were carried out in September 2020 with presented materials including (1) Potential of freshwater fish farming in Kuma Village 1, (2) Freshwater fish cultivation development program and (3) Knowledge on how to prioritize fisheries development programs. The results have been written in form of a proposal entitled fish cultivation development plans. The participants were very enthusiastic about this PKMS progam because of its significant contribution to Kuma 1 village, coinciding with the village effort to prepare its 2021 development programs

Identifikasi Parasit pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus) pada Lokasi yang Berbeda di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui parasit pada ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di beberapa lokasi di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. Yang telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai bulan Juni 2016. Pengambilan sampel ikan ini dilakukan secara bertahap.Dari setiap lokasi di ambil 10 ekor sampel ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Dengan ukuran 10-25 cm dan berat berkisar 36 gram sampai 64 gram. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya kehadiran parasit dari 4 lokasi yang diambil di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe.Yaitu parasit Dactylogirus sp dan parasit Tricodina sp yang ditemukan pada bagian insang dan bagian lendir ikan

PENGARUH PAKAN YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN HIDUP IKAN SIDAT (Anguilla marmorata)

Sidat (Anguilla marmorata) adalah organisme unik yang bersifat katadromous yaitu tumbuh di habitat air tawar dan ketika dewasa akan bermigrasi ribuan kilometer untuk mengadakan pemijahan di laut. Sidat mengalami beberapa tahap perkembangan dari larva leptocepthalus, glass eel, elver, sidat kuning atau sidat muda (yellow eel) hingga sidat dewasa. Penyebarannya meliputi bagian Utara Atlantik, Indo Pasifik, daerah beriklim tropis dan sup tropis. Sidat selama hidupnya mengalami beberapa tahap perkembangan dari larva sidat leptocepchalus (masih berbentuk bening dan melebar seperti daun dan dapat ditembus cahaya), glass eel, elver, sidat kuning, hingga sidat perak atau sidat dewasa. Sidat dibudidayakan oleh beberapa negara maju seperti Amerika, Jepang, dan Hongkong. Sidat memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi dan memiliki daging yang kenyal serta enak untuk dikonsumsi (Pratiwi, 1998; Sugeha, 1999; Liviawaty dan Afrianto, 1998 dalam Sugeha, 1999; Robin, 2012). Di Indonesia belum banyak dimanfaatkan, padahal ikan ini baik dalam ukuran benih maupun ukuran konsumsi jumlahnya cukup melimpah. Tingkat pemanfaatan ikan sidat secara lokal (dalam negeri) masih sangat rendah, akibat belum banyak dikenalnya ikan ini, sehingga kebanyakan penduduk belum familiar dalam cara membudidayakan ikan sidat dan masih kurangnya informasi dalam bidang budidaya ikan sidat, sementara banyak negara yang mempunyai permintaan pasar ikan sidat untuk jadi bahan konsumsi bagi mereka yang ingin mengkonsumsi ikan sidat (Sasongko, et al. 2007). Dalam perkembangan budidaya ikan sidat juga tidak terlepas dari kebutuhan pakan. Pakan yang diberikan merupakan pakan yang mempunyai kandungan nilai nutrisi yang tinggi. Pakan terdiri dari duajenis yaitu pakan alami dan pakan buatan (Robin, 2012). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pakan yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan hidup ikan sidat (Anguilla spp) di kolam terpal. Wadah yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu 2 buah kolam terpal yang berukuran 100 X 100 X 60 cm danmasing-masing kolam terpal didistribusikan 15 ekor dengan ukuran berkisar antara 6-10 cm. Pakan yang diberikan adalah pakan ikan rucah dari ikan layang (Decapterus sp) dan pakan pelet yang dibuat pasta. Pemberian pakan pada ikan sidat sebanyak 2 (dua) kali dalam sehari yaitu jam 07.00 WITA dan 17.00 WITAsecara ed-libitium. Sampel ikan sidat ditangkap di aliran sungai Kampung Bakalaeng Kecamatan Manganitu. Pertumbuhan ikan sidat (A. marmorata) selama 28 hari pemeliharaan yaitu kolam A (pakan rucah) adalah 0,9 cm/hari dan kolam B (pasta) adalah 0,7 cm/hari. Sedangkan laju pertambahan berat di kolam A adalah 1,24gr/hari dan kolam B adalah 0,079 gr/hari. Sintasan hidup (Survival Rate) baik di kolam A dan kolam B adalah 100 % yang artinya selama 28 hari pemeliharaan tidak ada yang mati. Disarankan perlu adanya penelitian lanjutan dalam pemberian pakan yang bervariasi dengan beberapa perlakuan

Mining Frequent Item Sets from incremental database: A single pass approach

Apriori based Association Rule Mining (ARM) is one of the data mining techniques used to extract hidden knowledge from datasets that can be used by an organization2019;s decision makers to improve overall profit. Performing Existing association mining algorithms requires repeated passes over the entire database. Obviously, for large database, the role of input/output overhead in scanning the database is very significant. We propose a new algorithm, which would mine frequent item sets with vertical format. The new algorithm would need to scan database one time. And in the follow-up data mining process, it can get new frequent item sets through 'and operation' between item sets. The new algorithm needs less storage space, and can improve the efficiency of data mining

Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Mas Koi (Cyprinuscarpio Koi) yang Diberi Pakan Buatan

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup ikan mas koi (Cyprinuscarpio koi) yang diberi pakan buatan. Pembuatan pakan dan uji pakan lewat pemberian kepada ikan mas koi (Cyprinuscarpio koi) dilakukan di Kampung Hiung Kecamatan Manganitu.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu A (Pakan protein 20%), B (Pakan Protein 30%), C (Pakanbuatan 40%) dan D (Pakan komersil sebagai control), setiap ulangan terdiri dari 10 ekor ikan mas koi. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: tepung ikan, tepung dedak padi, tepung kedelai, tepung jagung, tepung daluga, premix. Metode formulasi pakan menggunakan metode bujur sangkar. Ikanmas koi dipelihara dengan pemberian pakan buatan. Frekuensi pemberian pakan secara addlibitum 2 kali sehari, yaitu pagi: 08.00, dan sore hari : 17.00. Pengukuran panjang tubuh dilakukan selang 7 hari selama 28 hari pemeliharaan. Sedangkan untuk tingkat kelangsungan hidup dengan pengamatan jumlah ikan yang mati setiap hari

TINGKAT KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL TIPE HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL DI TINGKAT SMA

The aim of this research is to describe students' creative thinking abilities in solving Higher Order Thinking Skills type questions at the high school level. The type of research used by researchers is qualitative-descriptive research. The subjects in this research were Class XI students at SMA Wijaya Putra Surabaya. Meanwhile, to determine the object, the researcher used a sampling technique, namely purposive sampling, where the object was taken based on certain considerations. The data analysis technique that researchers will use is the Miles and Huberman model analysis technique. This model analysis technique is carried out interactively and continuously until the data is saturated. The steps that must be taken in this model analysis technique are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this research were that there were 25 subjects (90%) who were included in TKBK 0 (Not Creative). There are 3 subjects (10%) included in TKBK 1 (Less Creative). Students included in TKBK 1 are students who only meet one of the three indicators of creative thinking, namely fluency

Simultaneous whole-animal 3D-imaging of neuronal activity using light field microscopy

3D functional imaging of neuronal activity in entire organisms at single cell level and physiologically relevant time scales faces major obstacles due to trade-offs between the size of the imaged volumes, and spatial and temporal resolution. Here, using light-field microscopy in combination with 3D deconvolution, we demonstrate intrinsically simultaneous volumetric functional imaging of neuronal population activity at single neuron resolution for an entire organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The simplicity of our technique and possibility of the integration into epi-fluoresence microscopes makes it an attractive tool for high-speed volumetric calcium imaging.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, incl. supplementary informatio