Comparison of Radiography and Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia in Bovines

The present study was conducted on 101 animals suffering from thoracoabdominal disorders; out of which twenty seven animals (twenty six buffaloes and one cow) were diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia based on clinical signs, radiography, ultrasonography, and left flank laparorumenotomy. Radiography alone confirmed diaphragmatic hernia in 18 cases (66.67%) with a sac-like structure cranial to the diaphragm. In 15 animals the sac contained metallic densities while in three cases a sac-like structure with no metallic densities was present. Ultrasonography was helpful in confirming diaphragmatic hernia in 23 cases (85.18%) and ultrasonographically reticular motility was evident at the level of 4th/5th intercostal space in all the animals. B+M mode ultrasonography was used for the first time for diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in bovines and the results suggested that ultrasonography was a reliable diagnostic modality for diaphragmatic hernia in bovines

Repair of prepubic tendon rupture in buffaloes: Comparison of suture herniorrhaphy and nylon mesh hernioplasty

Prepubic tendon defects were treated surgically in six buffaloes. Animals were presented with history of swelling in caudal ventral abdominal region. Condition was diagnosed from clinical appearance, manual palpation and ultrasonographic examination. Neutrophilia (63.00±3.31%), lymphocytopenia (34.00±2.94%), elevated AST (181.00±23.84 μ/L) and ALT (94.75±21.29 μ/L) levels were the major haemato-biochemical alterations in the affected animals. Surgical management was carried out under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. Prepubic tendon defects were treated by suture herniorrhaphy in two and by nylon mesh hernioplasty in four animals. Animals operated by hernioplasty recovered uneventfully without any major post-operative complications. One animal, treated by suture herniorrhaphy showed recurrence of defect on 3rd post-operative day. In this animal nylon mesh hernioplasty as revision procedure was performed. Long-term follow up revealed satisfactory regain of productive and reproductive status in all the animals. It was concluded that nylon mesh hernioplasty could be a useful and economical solution in large size defects, where high-tension at the site of defect limit the application of suture herniorrhaphy

Ultrasonographic morphometry of reticulum in cattle and buffaloes suffering from traumatic reticulo-peritonitis

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the ultrasonographic morphometry of the reticulum in healthy non-gravid cattle and buffaloes from right and left parasternal and lateral windows and to evaluate the role of ultrasonography in the prediction of penetrating metallic foreign bodies in the reticular wall in cattle and buffaloes. The study included 22 clinically healthy (11 cross-bred Indian cattle (Bos tarus and Bos indicus) and 11 Indian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)) and 26 traumatic reticulitis affected bovines (21 cattle and 15 buffaloes). Various parameters like, reticular wall thickness, depth of reticulum, pattern of reticular motility and wall, and presence of effusions were recorded to assess the penetrability of metallic sharp foreign body using ultrasonography.The reticular wall thickness varied from 0.34 to 0.82 cm and 0.37 to 0.68 cm in healthy cattle and buffaloes, respectively. In both the species, the mean highest reticular wall thickness was recorded on the left lateral side. Instead of typical biphasic motility, folding type motility was recorded in 72.73% healthy buffaloes and 27.27% healthy cattle from the left lateral side. The reticular wall pattern was recorded to be smoother in healthy buffaloes from all the windows compared to healthy cattle.The peri-reticular reaction in diseased bovine was least observed on the left lateral aspect of the reticulum and was maximum evident on the left ventral aspect of reticulum in cattle and the right ventral aspect in buffaloes. The reticular motility was present in maximum number of bovine despite adhesions present on rumenotomy. The cattle showed more adhesions for partially penetrating foreign bodies, compared to buffaloes. Despite non-penetrating foreign bodies, the peri-reticular effusions were seen on the ventral aspect of reticulum from both sides, though in less quantity.In conclusion, the peri-reticular effusions are maximum seen on the left ventral aspect in cattle and right ventral in buffalo in completely and partially penetrating foreign bodies; however, effusions may also be present in non-penetrating foreign body in cattle

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography of cranial epigastric vein in healthy and diseased cows and buffaloes

The study was aimed to examine the right cranial epigastric vein (CEV) using B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in clinically healthy non-gravid cows (20) and buffaloes (20); bovines suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis (15 cows and 20 buffaloes) and reticulo-diaphragmatic hernia (5 cows and 15 buffaloes). The data was statistically analyzed and compared between and within the groups. The Doppler parameters of cranial epigastric vein in healthy bovines showed a significant species difference. The blood flow velocities, peak systole (PS), end diastole (ED), time average maximum (TA max) and time average mean (TA mean) were significantly higher in cows compared to buffaloes. However, the pulsatility index (PI), the resistive index (RI), vessel diameter and the depth of the vein were significantly higher in buffaloes compared to cows. The highest per cent change in the Doppler parameters of cranial epigastric vein in between the healthy cows and buffaloes were recorded in the PI followed by the RI. A significant decrease in PS, ED, TA max, TA mean and blood volume flow/min was recorded in cows suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) and reticulo-diaphragmatic hernia (RDH). The reduction was more in cows with RDH compared to TRP. The CEV was significantly more superficial in TRP affected cows. The PI of TRP affected cows and the TA mean of RDH affected cows recorded the highest per cent change compared to healthy cows. In buffaloes, only the PS was significantly increased in TRP affected buffaloes and those suffering from RDH. Significant species-specific differences exist in the blood flow parameters of healthy cows and buffaloes. Doppler blood flow parameters of diseased cows suffering from TRP and RDH was more significantly affected compared to that of buffaloes. The database generated for non-gravid crossbred Indian cows and buffaloes can be used as a reference range for further studies.</jats:p

Varicosity and pregnancy induced blood flow changes in the cranial tibial vein in buffaloes: B-mode and doppler ultrasound study

The study was aimed to assess the effect of varicosity and pregnancy on the blood flow parameters in 22 cranial tibial veins of 17 buffaloes using B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography. Out of these, five buffaloes were suffering from unilateral hind limb varicosity and 12 were clinically healthy non-pregnant (n=6) or in advanced stages of pregnancy (n=6). The study highlights a significant increase in the Doppler blood flow parameters of varicosity affected veins in comparison to clinically healthy cranial tibial veins, with highest percentage change in volume flow/minute. A significant lower vessel diameter and end diastole velocity of the cranial tibial vein was also recorded in healthy advanced pregnant compared to that of healthy non-pregnant buffaloes