La veritat dels perpetradors. Les comparecències d'agents de la repressió davant la "Comissão Nacional da Verdade" al Brasil

Este artículo analiza las comparecencias públicas y privadas de militares convocados para presentar su versión de las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos ante la Comisión Nacional da Verdad (CNV) de Brasil. Nos enfocaremos en tres aspectos. En primer lugar, veremos si estas entrevistas reflejan una visión política común entre los ex represores y cuáles son las estrategias retoricas y memoriales utilizadas por ellos. A continuación, trataremos de entender qué lugar ocupan estos testimonios en las investigaciones y la comunicación pública de la CNV, quien duda entre la búsqueda de información inédita y la denuncia pública. Por último, examinaremos los usos que los actores hacen de la palabra "verdad". ¿En qué medida los militares contribuyeron à la búsqueda de la verdad por parte de la CNV y hasta que punto tuvieran la oportunidad de expresar su verdad?This article analyzes the public and private hearings of the military agents summoned to present their version of the grave violations of human rights to the Brazilian National Truth Commission (CNV). We will focus on three aspects. First, we analyze whether these interviews reflect a common political vision among former repressors and what rhetorical and memorial strategies they used. Then we will seek to understand the role of these witnesses in the investigations and public communication of the CNV, which is caught between finding new information and public exposure of the agents. Finally, we will examine the uses that actors made of the word "truth"; to what extent the military contributed to the search for truth by the CNV and the degree to which they had the opportunity to express their truth?Aquest article analitza les compareixences públiques i privades de militars convocats per presentar la seva versió de les greus violacions dels drets humans davant la Comissió Nacional de la Veritat (CNV) de Brasil. Ens centrarem en tres aspectes. En primer lloc, veurem si aquestes entrevistes reflecteixen una visió política comuna entre els ex repressors i quines són les estratègies retoricas i memorials utilitzades per ells. A continuació, tractarem d'entendre quin lloc ocupen aquests testimoniatges en les recerques i la comunicació pública de la CNV, que oscil·là entre la cerca d'informació inèdita i la denúncia pública. Finalment, examinarem els usos que els actors fan de la paraula "veritat". En quina mesura els militars van contribuir a la cerca de la veritat per part de la CNV i fins a quin punt tingueren l'oportunitat d'expressar la seva veritat

Tax Evasion: Cheating Rationally or Deciding Emotionally?

The economic models of tax compliance predict that individuals should evade taxes when the expected benefit of cheating is greater than its expected cost. When this condition is fulfilled, the high compliance however observed remains a puzzle. In this paper, we investigate the role of emotions as a possible explanation of tax compliance. Our laboratory experiment shows that emotional arousal, measured by Skin Conductance Responses, increases in the proportion of evaded taxes. The perspective of punishment after an audit, especially when the pictures of the evaders are publicly displayed, also raises emotions. We show that an audit policy that induces shame on the evaders favors compliance.emotions; experiment; neuro-economics; physiological measures; shame; tax evasion

Emotions, Sanctions and Cooperation

We use skin conductance responses and self-reports of hedonic valence to study the emotional basis of cooperation and punishment in a social dilemma. Emotional reaction to free-riding incites individuals to apply sanctions when they are available. The application of sanctions activates a "virtuous emotional circle" that accompanies cooperation. Emotionally aroused cooperators relieve negative emotions when they punish free riders. In response, the free-riders experience negative emotions when punished, and increase their subsequent level of cooperation. The outcome is an increased level of contribution that becomes the new standard or norm. For a given contribution level, individuals attain higher levels of satisfaction when sanctioning institutions are in place.Emotions; Sanctions; Cooperation; Experiment; Skin Conductance Responses

La verdad de los verdugos : las comparecencias de agentes de la represión ante la "Comissão Nacional da Verdade" en Brasil

Este artículo analiza las comparecencias públicas y privadas de militares convocados para presentar su versión de las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos ante la Comisión Nacional da Verdad (CNV) de Brasil. Nos enfocaremos en tres aspectos. En primer lugar, veremos si estas entrevistas reflejan una visión política común entre los ex represores y cuáles son las estrategias retoricas y memoriales utilizadas por ellos. A continuación, trataremos de entender qué lugar ocupan estos testimonios en las investigaciones y la comunicación pública de la CNV, quien duda entre la búsqueda de información inédita y la denuncia pública. Por último, examinaremos los usos que los actores hacen de la palabra "verdad". ¿En qué medida los militares contribuyeron à la búsqueda de la verdad por parte de la CNV y hasta que punto tuvieran la oportunidad de expresar su verdad?Aquest article analitza les compareixences públiques i privades de militars convocats per presentar la seva versió de les greus violacions dels drets humans davant la Comissió Nacional de la Veritat (CNV) de Brasil. Ens centrarem en tres aspectes. En primer lloc, veurem si aquestes entrevistes reflecteixen una visió política comuna entre els ex repressors i quines són les estratègies retoricas i memorials utilitzades per ells. A continuació, tractarem d'entendre quin lloc ocupen aquests testimoniatges en les recerques i la comunicació pública de la CNV, que oscil·là entre la cerca d'informació inèdita i la denúncia pública. Finalment, examinarem els usos que els actors fan de la paraula "veritat". En quina mesura els militars van contribuir a la cerca de la veritat per part de la CNV i fins a quin punt tingueren l'oportunitat d'expressar la seva veritat?This article analyzes the public and private hearings of the military agents summoned to present their version of the grave violations of human rights to the Brazilian National Truth Commission (CNV). We will focus on three aspects. First, we analyze whether these interviews reflect a common political vision among former repressors and what rhetorical and memorial strategies they used. Then we will seek to understand the role of these witnesses in the investigations and public communication of the CNV, which is caught between finding new information and public exposure of the agents. Finally, we will examine the uses that actors made of the word "truth"; to what extent the military contributed to the search for truth by the CNV and the degree to which they had the opportunity to express their truth

Tax Evasion: Cheating Rationally or Deciding Emotionally?

The economic models of tax compliance predict that individuals should evade taxes when the expected benefit of cheating is greater than its expected cost. When this condition is fulfilled, the high compliance however observed remains a puzzle. In this paper, we investigate the role of emotions as a possible explanation of tax compliance. Our laboratory experiment shows that emotional arousal, measured by Skin Conductance Responses, increases in the proportion of evaded taxes. The perspective of punishment after an audit, especially when the pictures of the evaders are publicly displayed, also raises emotions. We show that an audit policy that induces shame on the evaders favors compliance. Les modèles économiques d'évasion fiscale prédisent que les individus devraient frauder dès que le bénéfice attendu de l'évasion dépasse son coût espéré. Sous cette condition, le fort taux de revenu déclaré pourtant observé constitue une énigme. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au rôle des émotions comme explication possible de ce phénomène. Notre expérience de laboratoire montre que l'intensité des émotions, mesurée par la conductance de la peau, augmente avec la proportion du revenu qui n'est pas déclarée. La perspective d'une sanction à l'issue d'un contrôle, en particulier lorsque la photo des contrevenants est diffusée, soulève également des émotions. Nous montrons qu'une politique de contrôle qui suscite la honte chez les fraudeurs favorise l'honnêteté fiscale.tax evasion, emotions, neuro-economics, physiological measures, shame, experiments., fraude fiscale, émotions, neuro-économie, mesures physiologiques, honte, expériences.

Tax Evasion: Cheating Rationally or Deciding Emotionally?

Working paper GATE 2007-24The economic models of tax compliance predict that individuals should evade taxes when the expected benefit of cheating is greater than its expected cost. When this condition is fulfilled, the high compliance however observed remains a puzzle. In this paper, we investigate the role of emotions as a possible explanation of tax compliance. Our laboratory experiment shows that emotional arousal, measured by Skin Conductance Responses, increases in the proportion of evaded taxes. The perspective of punishment after an audit, especially when the pictures of the evaders are publicly displayed, also raises emotions. We show that an audit policy that induces shame on the evaders favors compliance.Les modèles économiques d'évasion fiscale prédisent que les individus devraient frauder dès que le bénéfice attendu de l'évasion dépasse son coût espéré. Sous cette condition, le fort taux de revenu déclaré pourtant observé constitue une énigme. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au rôle des émotions comme explication possible de ce phénomène. Notre expérience de laboratoire montre que l'intensité des émotions, mesurée par la conductance de la peau, augmente avec la proportion du revenu qui n'est pas déclarée. La perspective d'une sanction à l'issue d'un contrôle, en particulier lorsque la photo des contrevenants est diffusée, soulève également des émotions. Nous montrons qu'une politique de contrôle qui suscite la honte chez les fraudeurs favorise l'honnêteté fiscale

Axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients: sonographic evaluation

Axillary staging of patients with early-stage breast cancer is essential in the treatment planning. Currently such staging is intraoperatively performed, but there is a tendency to seek a preoperative and less invasive technique to detect lymph node metastasis. Ultrasonography is widely utilized for this purpose, many times in association with fine-needle aspiration biopsy or core needle biopsy. However, the sonographic criteria for determining malignancy in axillary lymph nodes do not present significant predictive values, producing discrepant results in studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of this method. The present study was aimed at reviewing the literature approaching the utilization of ultrasonography in the axillary staging as well as the main morphological features of metastatic lymph nodes.O estadiamento axilar nas pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama inicial é fator essencial no planejamento terapêutico. Atualmente este é realizado durante o tratamento cirúrgico, mas há uma tendência em buscar técnicas pré-operatórias e de menor morbidade para avaliação dos linfonodos axilares. A ultrassonografia é um exame amplamente usado para esta finalidade e muitas vezes associado a punção aspirativa por agulha fina ou por agulha grossa. Entretanto, os critérios ultrassonográficos de suspeição para linfonodos axilares não apresentam valores preditivos significativos, gerando resultados discrepantes em estudos sobre sensibilidade e especificidade do método. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão na literatura médica sobre a ultrassonografia no estadiamento axilar e as principais alterações morfológicas do linfonodo metastático.Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francisco Morato de OliveiraUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de GinecologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de GinecologiaSciEL

Anniversaries of the 1964 coup: historiographical debates, political implications

Abstract‘Exact’ anniversary dates of the 1964 coup—those marking the passage of each decade—have served as moments of spirited public and academic debate about the military dictatorship. This article discusses some of these controversies, particularly concerning the following themes: the nature of the coup, the nature of the regime, the relationship between civil society and the dictatorship, the role of the armed struggle, and the periodization of the dictatorship. The purpose is to historically situate the emergence and development of each of these debates, in addition to discussing their political repercussions. The article analyzes the longevity and endurance of some of these debates, as well as the growth of academic and public interest in the military dictatorship and its legacies. Keywords: Dictatorship. 1964 Coup. Historiography. History of the Present Time. Commemorative Dates

Next to Leading Order Semi-inclusive Spin Asymmetries

We have computed semi-inclusive spin asymmetries for proton and deuteron targets including next to leading order (NLO) QCD corrections and contributions coming from the target fragmentation region. These corrections have been estimated using NLO fragmentation functions, parton distributions and also a model for spin dependent fracture functions which is proposed here. We have found that NLO corrections are small but non-negligible in a scheme where gluons are polarised and that our estimate for target fragmentation effects does not modify significantly charged asymmetries but affects the so called difference asymmetries.Comment: Latex, 14 pages, 6 figures in 4 Postcript file