The Return of the State? French economic policy under Nicolas Sarkozy

This paper addresses the EU’s influence on the design of market-building objectives and dispute settlement mechanisms in Mercosur and SADC over time. It argues that such influence has had an independent effect on the evolution of regional institutional design that is not reducible to mere functional dynamics, which dominant explanations emphasize. Instead, it suggests that EU influence is best conceived as a process of spurred emulation, according to which major political or economic crises in the regions have led to the increasing emulation of EU arrangements, spurred by the EU’s active involvement in the process. This has, however, neither led to a wholesale copying of EU institutional models nor to the adoption of EU practices, but EU templates have regularly been adapted to fit with policy-makers’ normative convictions, especially their continuing concerns about national sovereignty

Ion-Implanted 8^8Li Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

We report $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic resonance of ultra-dilute $^{8}$Li$^{+}$ implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The absence of motional narrowing and diffusional spin-lattice relaxation implies Li$^+$ is not appreciably mobile up to 400 K, in sharp contrast to the highly lithiated stage compounds. However, the relaxation is remarkably fast and persists down to cryogenic temperatures. Ruling out extrinsic paramagnetic impurities and intrinsic ferromagnetism, we conclude the relaxation is due to paramagnetic centers correlated with implantation. While the resulting effects are not consistent with a Kondo impurity, they also differ from free paramagnetic centers, and we suggest that a resonant scattering approach may account for much of the observed phenomenology

Nuclear magnetic resonance of ion implanted 8^8Li in ZnO

We report on the stability and magnetic state of ion implanted $^8$Li in single crystals of the semiconductor ZnO using $\beta$-detected nuclear magnetic resonance. At ultradilute concentrations, the spectra reveal distinct Li sites from 7.6 to 400 K. Ionized shallow donor interstitial Li is stable across the entire temperature range, confirming its ability to self-compensate the acceptor character of its (Zn) substitutional counterpart. Above 300 K, spin-lattice relaxation indicates the onset of correlated local motion of interacting defects, and the spectra show a site change transition from disordered configurations to substitutional. Like the interstitial, the substitutional shows no resolved hyperfine splitting, indicating it is also fully ionized above 210 K. The electric field gradient at the interstitial $^8$Li exhibits substantial temperature dependence with a power law typical of non-cubic metals.Comment: 15 pages and 11 figure