Para alimentar o mundo: modificações genéticas, (in)segurança alimentar e os riscos para a saúde humana e ambiental

Neste trabalho pretende-se tecer breves reflexões acerca da segurança alimentar face à utilização das chamadas “tecnologias transgênicas” que marcaram a Nova Revolução Verde (a 2º R.V.) desde a década de 1990. No cerne do debate está uma crítica epistemológica aos paradigmas que projetam na relação do humano com a natureza (aqui destacada pela produção de alimentos) ideários de produção, dominação e de livre manipulação do meio-ambiente. Os benefícios emergentes de tais práticas nos discursos econômicos e políticos contrastam com os indícios de riscos à saúde humana ancorados em testes científicos. Mais do que um movimento humanitário de “combate à fome”, as políticas atuais da segurança alimentar vêm se apresentando como resultado prático de uma leitura [cientificista] da realidade tributária de paradigmas fundamentados em outras formas (proto) capitalistas do passado, como o colonialismo/ imperialismo. Para entender este fenômeno de forma ampla, uma crítica epistemológica faz-se imperativa

QTL evolution under natural infection using a F2 Scavina-6 x ICS1 population for witches'broom resistance in Bahia, Brazil

Studies to determine the genetic bases to witches´ broom resistance were being carried out in order to identify different genetic sources of resistance and to improve the efficiency of selection using molecular markers. Scavina-6, particularly in the cocoa producing region of the Bahia state in Brazil, was initially the main resistance source. A major QTL of resistance was detected in the linkage group 9 from a F2 Scavina 6 x ICS1 progenies (Brown et al 2005 and Faleiro et al 2006). Observations related with the number of vegetative brooms and flower cushions brooms, were carried out on143 individuals replicated three times by grafting on CEPLAC-hybrids and observed over a period between 2003 and 2008. Analyses were made with SAS, mainly to adjust phenotypic values (number of brooms ) by a regression taking into account the difference of the section of each plant (vigor was made in 2008 assessing the section of the grafted portion). QTLs analyses were carried out with MapQTL.5 software. We confirm the presence of the previous QTL located in the LG9 around the mTcCIR35 marker. However, the LOD score and the percentage of variation explained by the QTL significantly decrease over time and change its position into the confidence interval. During this new period of evaluation of the disease in the field, others QTLs of resistance were also detected. The QTLs values related to these others significant QTLs of the resistance to WBD and to a QTL involved in the vigor were also presented. This result suggests a change in the relationship between the host and the pathogen. (Résumé d'auteur

Acoso escolar entre pares y su relación con el rendimiento académico de las víctimas

El acoso escolar es un acto de agresión frecuente físico o verbal, que es intencional y dirigido de un estudiante hacia otro. Presentan tres criterios que lo diferencian de otras formas de agresión: la frecuencia, la duración y la intención. Además, presenta características como, la diferencia de poder entre agresor y víctima, la dimensión psicológica que puede alcanzar, el ser sistemático, oculto y oportunista. Las formas de acoso escolar que se pueden presentar son: física, verbal, psicológica y social, y generalmente se presentan de manera combinada o simultánea. Pero toda forma de acoso siempre tiene una implicación psicológica. La investigación, Acoso escolar entre pares y su relación con el rendimiento académico de las víctimas se realizó en los Quintos Años de EGB de la Escuela Fiscal de niñas Tres de Noviembre , en la ciudad de Cuenca. Es un estudio descriptivo de corte cuali-cuantitativo, y los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario, entrevistas semi-estructuradas, pruebas pedagógicas, y la técnica de verificación de datos. En el estudio se encontró que existe un 5% de incidencia de acoso escolar. Luego, al pretender conocer si existe una relación con el rendimiento académico de las víctimas, se evidenció que no existe una relación causal directa entre las variables acoso escolar y rendimiento académico, sin embargo no se descarta la posibilidad de la influencia a este nivel, pues de acuerdo con las entrevistas realizadas a las víctimas, varias afirman que sí se han visto afectadas, aunque eso no se evidencie en el promedio general de calificaciones.Licenciado en Psicología Educativa en la especialización de Educación BásicaCuenc

New witches broom QTL in the Sca 6 x ICS 1 F2 population

Witches´ broom disease (WBD) of cacao, caused by the basidiomicete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most important diseases of cacao, the chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao L.). The most viable and cost-effective alternative for the control of the disease is the use of resistance through the deployment of genetic materials with high productivity. In Bahia the main source of resistance has shown vulnerability to the fungal local strains, indicating that the fungus has overcome the Sca6 resistance. It has also been reported that the fungus is changing over time. This boom and bust cycle needs to be avoided by the breeder. However, plant breeders have had very limited success in developing resistant (R) cultivars. Molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to WBD may improve selection for this trait. The objective here was to test the QTL stability under artificial inoculations. One hundred and fifty individuals of the F2 (Sca 6 x ICS 1) population were inoculated with the POPF2 inocula. POPF2 inocula were derived from brooms collected on the F2 population. A drop of 20 ?L of 2x105 basidióspores/ mL was deposited at the apical meristem of each plant. After inoculation, the plants remained for 24 h in humid chamber, with temperatures around 25 ° C and 100% RH, afterwards they were transferred to the greenhouse until the end of the experiment. Symptoms were evaluated 60 days after the inoculation day, and mapping was performed with MapQTL v. 4.0. It was observed new putative QTLs, particularly in the linkage group 1 and 4, different from the one previously reported in the linkage group 9 detected previously. These results indicate a new region in the genome involved with WBD. This might be considered in the breeding program in search for new cacao lines with durable resistance. (Texte intégral

ANÁLISE DA EFETIVIDADE DE PROGRAMAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO AGRÍCOLA E A EVOLUÇÃO DA QUALIDADE VIDA DAS LOCALIDADES – O CASO DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DO PRODECER III NO MUNICÍPIO PEDRO AFONSO -TO

O presente artigo se propõe a analisar os efeitos do Programa de Cooperação Nipo-Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento dos Cerrados (PRODECER) – Terceira Fase sobre indicadores de qualidade de vida do município de Pedro Afonso - TO. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que o PRODECER III trouxe grandes avanços na vida material da população de Pedro Afonso, mas contribuiu também, para o aumento das mazelas sociais, características de um quadro de pobreza urbana e exclusão social.---------------------------------------------------------The present paper to consider analyzer the quality of life impacts caused by the Program of Cooperation Nipo-Brazilian for the Development of the Open pasture (PRODECER) - Third Phase, having as case study the Pedro Afonso’s city, in the state of the Tocantins. The results of the research point that Prodecer III brought great advances in the income of the population of Pedro Afonso, but it also contributed, for the increase of social disasters, characteristics of a picture of urban poverty and social exclusion.impacto social, desenvolvimento sustentável, dimensão social, indicadores, PRODECER, partner-economic impacts, sustainable development, social dimension, pointers, Land Economics/Use,

Breakdown of scavina resistance in Bahia caused by the evolution of Moniliophthora perniciosa

Resistant clones to witches' broom disease of cacao (WBD), caused by the basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Mp) is the most practical and cost efficient strategy for WBD management, but their use is currently restricted to very limited clones, mostly, Scavina's descendants. Scavina resistance has proved inadequate or unstable, as, for example, in Rondônia in the Amazon basin, in Ecuador during the 1980s, and in Bahia in 2002. In this paper, we present evidences, through several independent studies, that the Scavinas' resistance have been overcome because of changes in the pathogen population. Using molecular markers in studies of 40 isolates of the fungus, collected from brooms from five resistant and two susceptible cocoa genotypes, a clear genetic differentiation was observed between fungal isolates from primarily resistant clones and from susceptible ones. Further, a study carried out to characterize temporal genetic variability of Mp populations in Bahia, Brazil, over four consecutive years (2001 to 2004), in several locations, have shown that there was a shift in the genetic composition of the Mp populations. Pathogenic variability through cross inoculation experiments using -isolates derived from Scavinas (Scavina 6 and descendants), non scavina, and from SIC, a susceptible clone, showed that Scavina isolates caused more disease on the Scavinas genotypes, whereas the isolate derived from SIC was less pathogenic on the Scavinas and more pathogenic on its respective host. These results allowed us to conclude that the increase in susceptibility in Scavina descendants was the result of the buildup of resistance-breaking pathogen's strains capable of overcoming the resistance of Scavina. Also, temporal observations of natural infections between 2003 and 2010 in a F2 Scavina 6 x ICS1 showed that the major QTL identified in the LG9 had its effect decreased year by year; moving from a LOD of 9 in 2003 to a non significant LOD in 2010. The same results were found under artificial inoculations with specific strains of Mp and using a new F2 population created in 2007. The present study provides the first evidences that Scavinas WB resistance breakdown is due to the adaptation of the Mp field populations. These studies, besides proving the change in the Mp population in Bahia, they are also a warning call that the efficiency of resistant cultivars in WBD management is limited by Mp variability and an incentive to design breeding programs for durable resistance. Different sources of resistance have been identified and are being used in the cacao breeding program to associate distinct genes of resistance. (Résumé d'auteur

Identification, characterization and mapping of EST-derived SSRs from cacao-Ceratocystis cacaofunesta interaction

Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is an ascomycete responsible for the lethal wilt disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Marker-assisted selection combined with conventional breeding is one way in which the cacao resistance to Ceratocystis wilt can be improved. In this study, we screened a set of ESTs obtained from cacao elicited with C. cacaofunesta to identify ESTSSRs and test their efficacy for mapping. Among the 3,432 ESTs analyzed, 384 contained SSRs and 428 EST-SSRs were identified, mainly dinucleotides (78.5%), com 4 numbers of repeats (75.23%), and preferentially AG/CT motif (25.47%). GO function was assigned to the ESTs containing SSRs: 4.04% belonged to "defense response" category, with 20.69% of them to the sub-category "defense response to fungus". In relation to the ORF, the same amount of EST-SSRs was observed in 5'UTR as well as in the 3'UTR (about 30%). From the 428 EST-SSRs identified, 12 were polymorphic, revealing a total of 41 alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6, with an average of 3.41. Four EST-SSRs were mapped on the F2 Sca 6 x ICS 1 population segregating for Ceratocystis wilt, which were distributed on the linkage groups 2, 3, 4 and 8. These markers contributed to saturate the genetic map of the cacao mapping population from CEPEC/ CEPLAC and will be valuable for the research community to improve the cacao breeding program. (Texte intégral