Aid and Universal Primary Education

Universal Primary Education (UPE) is one of the main objectives of development aid. However, very little empirical evidence of its effectiveness actually exists. Until very recently, the quality of available data was not sufficient to obtain robust results regarding the relationship between international aid and educational achievements. In this article, the latest, more disaggregated and more reliable data is used to study the relationship between aid to education and educational achievements. The focus here not only on educational variables in term of coverage, but also in term of equity and process. The year of Fast Track Initiative (FTI) endorsement is used as an original instrument to tackle the endogeneity problem of aid. Our results are very robust and indicate that aid to primary education has a strong effect on primary school enrollment and gender parity. A negative impact on repetitions rate is also indicated while no effect on the pupil teacher ratio can be observed. Diminishing return in the effectiveness of aid to primary education may also be highlighted. Finally, the governance variables do not appear to have an impact on this relationship.aid effectiveness, education, Sector-specific aid

Sources and transfers of particulate organic matter in a tropical reservoir (Petit Saut, French Guiana): a multi-tracers analysis using d¹³C, C/N ratio and pigments

International audienceCarbon cycling and organic matter transfers in the tropical Sinnamary river system (French Guiana), including a mid-stream reservoir (Petit Saut) and its estuary on the Atlantic coast, were studied during the dry season by analyzing the organic carbon isotopic ratios (d13C-OC), C/N ratios and pigments contents of suspended matter, sediments, sediments traps and epiphytic and epilithic biofilms. In the River upstream as well as in surface sediments at the entrance of the reservoir and at the littoral zone of the reservoir, particulate organic matter (POM) was in majority of terrestrial origin, with a d13C-C/N signature close to the one of soil and litter collected in the surrounding forest and with high OC/total pigments ratios. High concentrations of Pheopigments a and b in these surface sediments showed that this terrestrial POM, either carried by the river and eolian transport or present in the soil before flooding, undergoes intense degradation. Deeper in the sediment, the d13C profile showed a decreasing trend with depth typical of what is found in soils, showing that the flooded soil still remains present at the reservoir bottom 10 years after flooding. At the center of the reservoir, POM in the water column, in sediment traps and in surface sediments was in majority of aquatic origin with low C/N and OC/total pigments ratios. In the oxic epilimnion at 3 m depth, Chl a, Chl b and Lutein showed the predominance of Chlorophyceae to the phytoplankton community. At this depth, a C/N ratio of 21 suggests a large contribution of transparent exopolymeric particles to the bulk POM, which, in addition, was 13C-depleted due to a significant contribution of methanotrophic bacteria. At 7 m depth, below the oxicline, high concentrations of BChl d and occasionally BChl c revealed the presence of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, namely Chlorobiaceae. In the sediment traps, Chl a, Chl b, Lutein and BChl c and BChl d confirmed the contribution of plankton to the sedimentary POM. This material was undergoing intense degradation as revealed by high concentration of pheopigments and by an increase in C/N ratio and an increase in d13C-OC with trap depth. Scytonemin was found in a biofilm developed on tree trunks at the reservoir surface and in all sediment traps. Other tracers showed however that the contribution of the biofilm to the sedimentary POM was minor compared to the planktonic source. In the Sinnamary downstream of the dam, POM became more 13C-depleted showing a larger contribution of methanotrophic bacteria. Chl b, Lutein and BChl c + BChl d originating from the reservoir progressively decreased downstream as the result of mineralization. At the estuarine mouth, fucoxanthin showed the presence of diatoms and the d13C-C/N signature matched the one of POM carried by the Amazonian coastal mobile mud belt

A Strategy to Overcome Loandependency to the Moneylenders (Research of Employees at Industrial Companies in Banten Province)

One of the economic diseases of society in human civilization is usury. Difficulties in a community in the lending money to some financial industry services, especially in the banking industry, have become a target for a moneylender in offering their services. The moneylenders’ main motivation was to make other people's difficulties in a business field that benefits themselves. The dilemma of people's socio-economic life, especially among company employees, was related to financial problems, it caused employees to need sudden funds to meet their daily needs. This research aimed to analyze the effect of religiosity factor, cultural factor, social factor, personal factor, psychological factor, and the existence of Sharia Micro Finance Institution (SMFI) on loan dependency to the moneylenders, this research aimed to formulate a strategy to overcome loan dependency to the moneylenders. The type of research method in this paper was a combination of the type of investigation and the unit of analysis because this research analyzed the effect and simultaneous relationship between several studied variables using cross-section type data. The methods used in this research were SEM (Structural Equation Modeling).The results showed that religiosity factor, cultural and social factors did not have a significant effect on loan decision making. Meanwhile, personal factor, psychological factor, and the existence of SMFI factor have a significant effect on loan decisions. To reduce the dependency of employees on taking loan from the moneylenders, companies are expected to provide awareness of saving and caring for others through Islamic philanthropy. The Novelty in this research was that the religiosity factor did not have a significant effect on loan dependency to the moneylenders for employees at industrial companies in Banten. Keywords: moneylenders, usury, structural equation modeling DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-6-05 Publication date:March 31st 202

PEMAKNAAN KONGKOW DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS (KAJIAN TAKHRIJ HADIS DAN FAHMIL HADIS)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini di dasari dengan adanya kebiasaan prilaku nongkrong pada masa Rasulullah Saw yang melarang para sahabatnya untuk menjauhi perbuatan tersebut (dalam Hadits Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Al-Tirmidzi, dan Ibnu Majah) karena perbuatan nongkrong tersebut banyak mudlorat dari pada mamfaat. Prilaku nongkrong/Kongkow ini dapat menimbulkan prilaku yang negatif seperti Kenakalan Remaja (ghibah, merokok, minum-minuman keras dan berjudi). Adapun jenis penelitian yang penulis gunakan dalam pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah metode library research (kajian perpustakaan). Pendekatan yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah fenomenologi dalam kajian takhrij hadis dan fahmil hadis, oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data-data dari sumber pustaka. Sumber pustaka dalam kajian dapat berupa jurnal penelitian ilmiah, disertasi, tesis, skripsi, buku, makalah. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan adalah supaya kita mengikuti perkataan nabi Saw supaya tidak melakukan perbuatan nongkrong tersebut dan jika masih melakukan perilaku tersebut maka ada beberapa hal atau ada beberapa unsure yang harus kita terapkan yang mana telah ditetapkan oleh Nabi seperti; menjawab salam, menundukkan pandangan, tidak mengganggu dan ber’amar ma’ruf dan menjauhi nahi munkar sehingga menjadi insan yang berkualitas

THE COMPANY'S STRATEGY TO REDUCE LOSSES DUE TO FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES

Foreign exchange rate fluctuations can cause significant impacts for companies doing business internationally. Losses resulting from fluctuations in the exchange rate can cause uncertainty and lower the company's profits. Therefore, it is important for companies to adopt effective strategies in reducing foreign exchange rates. This study examines various strategies that can be used by companies to reduce losses due to foreign exchange rates. These strategies include static hedging such as the use of forward and options contracts, as well as dynamic hedging approaches that involve active management of hedged positions. In the context of PT. X in Banten Indonesia, the use of static hedging in the form of forward contracts can provide protection against exchange rate fluctuations associated with the company's international transactions. A dynamic hedging approach can also be an effective option for companies to optimize their protection against exchange rate risk. The results of the study show that the use of the hedging strategy implemented by PT. X in Banten can help companies reduce losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, especially dollars, and can improve the company's financial stability. The results of the analysis of forward hedging data conducted in certain periods show that there are (positive) gains in 2021 and 2022, and losses (negative) in the difference between the results of the forward hedging and the actual BI exchange rate at the time of maturity in 2023 in a few months.

Overview of media social use, knowledge, and attitudes among college students in preparing a qualified pregnancy

Media sosial menjadi saluran komunikasi yang sangat penting untuk remaja di masa disaat. Salah satu upaya permasalahan kesehatan reproduksi dalam mempersiapkan kehamilan yang penting untuk diperhatikan pada remaja, dalam strategi penanganannya diharapkan bahwa dengan memanfaatkan media sosial di era modern ini, semakin banyak sumber informasi yang diakses, semakin banyak pengetahuan yang dapat diperoleh. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan media sosial, pengetahuan dan sikap mahasiswa dalam mempersiapkan kehamilan yang berkualitas dalam memanfaatkannya sebagai sumber informasi agar terhindar dari berbagai penyakit kesehatan reproduksi. Metode penelitian ini yaitu rencana pendekatan cross-sectional deskriptif kuantitatif dengan populasi total sebanyak 1.326 mahasiswa Perempuan angkatan 2021 dan 2022 yang berusia 19-22 tahun sebagai sampel 100 responden dan berlokasi di UKSW. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan accidental sampling. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan analisis deskritif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa mahasiswa Perempuan yang menggunakan media sosial untuk mencari informasi Kesehatan sudah sangat banyak sehingga pengetahuan dan sikap mahasiswa dalam mempersiapkan kehamilan sudah baik. Media sosial telah ditunjukkan untuk dapat memberikan akses informasi kesehatan yang diperlukan.Social media has become a significant communication channel for teenagers nowadays. One of the efforts to address reproductive health issues in preparing for pregnancy is essential for teenagers to pay attention to. In handling strategies, they will likely utilize social media in this modern era. The more information sources are accessed, the greater their level of expertise. The goal of this research is to describe how students utilize social media, their knowledge, and their attitudes in order to prepare for a healthy pregnancy and to use it as a source of information to prevent various problems related to reproductive health. This research method is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional approach with a total population of 1,326 female students from the class of 2021 and 2022 aged 19-22 years as a sample of 100 respondents and located at SWCU. The sampling technique used in this research was accidental sampling. Data collection techniques in quantitative research use observation and qiestionnaires. Data analysis techniques in quantitative research use descriptive analysis. The results of this research show that many female students use social media to search for health information so that student's knowledge and attitudes in preparing for pregnancy are good. Social media has been shown to provide access to necessary health information