Background free CARS imaging by phase sensitive heterodyne CARS

In this article we show that heterodyne CARS, based on a controlled and stable phase-preserving chain, can be used to measure amplitude and phase information of molecular vibration modes. The technique is validated by a comparison of the imaginary part of the heterodyne CARS spectrum to the spontaneous Raman spectrum of polyethylene. The detection of the phase allows for rejection of the non-resonant background from the data. The resulting improvement of the signal to noise ratio is shown by measurements on a sample containing lipid

Shot noise limited heterodyne detection of CARS signals

We demonstrate heterodyne detection of CARS signals using a cascaded phase-preserving chain to generate the\ud CARS input wavelengths and a coherent local oscillator. The heterodyne ampli¯cation by the local oscillator re-\ud veals a window for shot noise limited detection before the signal-to-noise is limited by amplitude °uctuations. We\ud demonstrate an improvement in sensitivity by more than 3 orders of magnitude for detection using a photodiode.\ud This will enable CARS microscopy to reveal concentrations below the current mMolar range

Vibrational phase contrast CARS microscopy

This thesis describes a new technique that improves specificity, selectivity and sensitivity in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. CARS microscopy is a nonlinear optical technique that utilizes specific bonds of molecules, sometimes referred to as the `fingerprint' of a molecule, to obtain chemically specific imaging of a sample. A single `unique' vibrational resonance within a molecule can be addressed and the appearance of this resonance within a sample can be imaged. This nonlinear vibrational microscopy technique provides a noninvasive method to identify structures of a specific chemical composition.\ud \ud CARS features high collection efficiency and absence of interference from one-photon autofluorescence. However, CARS suffers from a frequency-independent background signal, the `non-resonant background'. In mixtures, the resonant CARS signal of less abundant constituents may be overwhelmed by the non-resonant background, preventing detection of the resonant molecules.\ud \ud A cascaded phase preserving chain is used for heterodyne detection and yields amplitude and phase. The vibrational phase of the oscillators in the focal volume can be obtained by the subtraction of the local excitation phase from the heterodyne phase. We call this technique ``Vibrational Phase Contrast CARS'' and can be regarded as a vibrational extension of the linear (refractive index) phase contrast microscopy introduced by Zernike in 1933. The phase detection allows for rejection of the non-resonant background signal, without reduction of the resonant signal. \ud \ud CARS microscopy is applied to biology, pharmacology and food, where chemical selectivity and label-free detection are essential. Other nonlinear signals, generated simultaneously, can be used to obtain more information from the sample; CARS, second harmonic generation microscopy and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy are used side-by-side. Two in-depth studies are presented on the dissolution behavior of a drug and on early bone growth in cells

Implementation of vibrational phase contrast coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Detection of molecules using vibrational resonances in the fingerprint region for narrowband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is challenging. The spectrum is highly congested resulting in a large background and a reduced specificity. Recently we introduced vibrational phase contrast CARS (VPC-CARS) microscopy as a technique capable of detecting both the amplitude and phase of the CARS signal, providing background-free images and high specificity. In this paper we present a new implementation of VPC-CARS based on a third-order cascaded phase-preserving chain, where the CARS signal is generated at a single (constant) wavelength independent of the vibrational frequency that is addressed. This implementation will simplify the detection side considerably

PENGARUH TANGGUNGJAWAB RUMAH TANGGA MAHASISWA MENIKAH TERHADAP PRESTASI AKADEMIK (Studi Kasus Pada Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam MA Bayang)

This study aims to analyze the effect of household responsibilities from the perspective of  personality,  motivation,  cognition and  work  responsibility on  the academic achievement of married students at the MA Bayang Islamic High School. This research approach is quantitative research with survey method and cross sectional design. The research population is all married students who are registered as active students of the 2018 Islamic High School MA Bayang. Samples were taken by accidental sampling technique as many as 40 people. The research instrument used   observation   sheets,   questionnaires,   interviews   and   documentation.   The author's data collection techniques use observation, questionnaires, and documentation. While the data analysis technique the author presents in the form of data tabulation techniques and processed with SPSS version 16 computational techniques,  then the data  that  has been  processed  is interpreted and  analyzed. Questionnaire data was analyzed using the percentage equation to calculate the Total Respondent Achievement (TCR), while the inferential data was calculated using Multiple Linear Regression. From the results of the study, it was found that the personality/attitude of married students in household responsibilities had an average index of 3.24 and the level of achievement of respondents was 64.8% with a good enough category, a significant effect on academic achievement of 0.032, while motivation (college support from partners in household) the average index is 3.22 and the level of achievement of respondents is 64.3% with a fairly good category, it does not significantly affect academic achievement where the value of b is -0.013, and cognition of household students with an average index of 3.21 with the level of achievement   of   respondents   64.3%,   has   a   significant   effect   on   academic achievement, where the value of b is 0.025

Problematika Penerapan Sanksi Pidana dalam Perkawinan Terhadap Poligami Ilegal

This article aims to describe the problems of the application of criminal sanctions against polygamy committed illegally in the middle of society. Regardless of the controversy of agreeing and disagreeing, the issue of polygamy is a reality that occurs in society. The purpose of polygamy is the same as the purpose of marriage itself, that is worship. However, when the issue of marriage, that in is fact private law, violates the provisions, then the perpetrators may be subjected to criminal sanctions. Criminal sanctions imposed on illegal polygamists are very diverse. This is supported by the attitude of government's ambiguity in viewing illegal polygamy. The Government's doubt and uncertainty in viewing the illegal act of polygamy has implications for the inherent criminal sanctions against the act, strangely the criminal sanction inherent in the law depends on the degree to which the regulations are looked at. This research uses normative law research method whith normative juridical approach. The results of illegal polygamy research is not seen as overspel acts that can be threatened with criminal provisions Article 284 of the Criminal Code because the element of overspel is not the same as polygamy. Polygamy remains a legitimate marriage as the norms contained in the Law No.1 of 1974 onmarriage.Nevertheless the marriage of polygamy must still fulfill the terms and conditions as determined by the Law No.1 of 1974