Applications of protein-level regulation and optogenetics in metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae

In metabolic engineering, the requirement to balance production of desired metabolites and basic cellular function limits yields. However, some of these basic functions are required only at certain developmental times. Using temporal-control to optimize the magnitude and timing of the expression of these pathways, it is possible to redirect flux toward desired metabolites while ensuring cell viability. An example of such a pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is ethanol fermentation, which consumes pyruvate, a valuable intermediate in the production of lactic acid, isobutanol, and other products. Cell growth on glucose substrate is contingent on ethanol fermentation, which in turn is contingent on the expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc), the first enzyme in the pathway. Knocking out all three Pdc isozymes renders cells unable to grow on glucose. We hypothesized that temporal control using optogenetics and nanobody-mediated protein-level inhibition could increase yields and serve as new tools in metabolic engineering. A light-sensitive transcription factor that is activated only under blue light, was shown to induce tunable transcriptional regulation. Anti-Pdc1p nanobodies, single domain recombinant antibody fragments, were shown to inhibit Pdc1p function, relative to control nanobodies. Optogenetic circuits, based on the galactose regulatory system, make it possible to invert the transcriptional response to light input. A lactate production circuit was designed and tested in which transcription of Pdc1p was stopped during fermentation. While yields from this strain were low (1.18 g/L of lactate), it serves as an important proof of principle for two-stage fermentation and it has potential for significant optimization, including the addition of induced nanobodies

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Type I Interferon Promote Extrafollicular B Cell Responses to Extracellular Self-DNA

International audienceClass-switched antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are prevalent and pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet mechanisms of their development remain poorly understood. Humans and mice lacking secreted DNase DNASE1L3 develop rapid anti-dsDNA antibody responses and SLE-like disease. We report that anti-DNA responses in Dnase1l3-/- mice require CD40L-mediated T cell help, but proceed independently of germinal center formation via short-lived antibody-forming cells (AFCs) localized to extrafollicular regions. Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling and IFN-I-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) facilitate the differentiation of DNA-reactive AFCs in vivo and in vitro and are required for downstream manifestations of autoimmunity. Moreover, the endosomal DNA sensor TLR9 promotes anti-dsDNA responses and SLE-like disease in Dnase1l3-/- mice redundantly with another nucleic acid-sensing receptor, TLR7. These results establish extrafollicular B cell differentiation into short-lived AFCs as a key mechanism of anti-DNA autoreactivity and reveal a major contribution of pDCs, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and IFN-I to this pathway