Internasional Law as a Political Instrument (a Case Study of Indonesia)

Hukum Internasional dapat dilihat sebagai alat politik dalam arti Mengubah Konsep dan Norma, untuk intervensi dalam Negeri dan Justify dan Mengerahkan Tekanan. Dalam konteks ini, negara-negara maju dapat menggunakan UU ini untuk campur tangan di negara-negara berkembang untuk mengubah konsep atau norma-norma yang demikian sejalan dengan keinginan negara maju. Penggunaan konsep hak asasi manusia, misalnya memiliki arti yang luas. Dengan kata-kata ini, negara-negara besar dan maju dapat digunakan untuk ikut campur dalam urusan dalam negeri di negara tersebut. Dalam kasus Indonesia, negaranegara seperti Amerika, Eropa dan mendesak Indonesia untuk berpartisipasi dalam kontrak Internasional akan membuka akses ke pasar Indonesia dan perlindungan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI). Penggunaan kata misalnya Hak Asasi Manusia telah memaksa Indonesia untuk meratifikasi perjanjian tentang Organisasi Buruh Internasional (ILO) dan Konvensi tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial. Oleh karena itu, hukum Internasional sebagai alat politik telah dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan tertentu yang dapat memberikan keuntungan terutama untuk negaranegara maju. &nbsp

Kota Hijau Cerdas-Kota Masa Depan (Green Smart City-City of the Future)

Pertumbuhan orang yang berada di perkotaan sejak tahun 2007 sudah melebihi jumlah orang yang tinggal di pedesaan. Meskipun tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat dan per tumbuhan ekonomi di pedesaan terus meningkat, namun arus urbanisasi ke kota-kota besar tetap berlangsung. Untuk menjaga agar kota tetap dapat melayani kebutuhan penduduk dengan pola dan gaya kehidupan modern dan memiliki ketergantungan terhadap peralatan komunikasi dan teknologi informasi yang berlangsung serba cepat, diperlukan penataan kota yang mer upakan kombinasi dari sistem digital dan fisik, dan menjadikannya kota hija u cerdas. Penambahan prasarana dan sarana utilitas kota serta transporta si publik yang tertata dan cepat, dapat menimbulkan kendala pada kesei mbangan ekosistem dengan hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati. Penambahan ruang terbuka hijau, hutan kota dan usaha pengghijauan di bangunan g edung akan memberikan nilai kehidupan yang lebih baik dan dapat mengurang i dampak negatif pada lingkungan

Karakteristik Perpindahan Panas Dan Penurunan Tekanan Sirip-sirip Pin Silinder Tirus Susunan Segaris Dan Selang-seling Dalam Saluran Segi Empat

This research was conducted to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer and pressure drop of tapered cylindrical pin fins array in the rectangular channel. The pin fins were arranged either inline or staggered. The average temperature of base plate surface was kept constant at 60oC. Pin fins were made of duralumin having the dimension of 75 mm of height, base and tip diameter 12.7 and 7 mm respectively, and the distance inter-fin pitch in the spanwise direction, Sx/D, was kept constant at 2.95. The parameters of this research were Reynolds number 3,100 – 39,200 for the inline array and 3,095 – 37,741 for the staggered array based on averaged inlet air velocity and hydraulic diameter, and the distance between the inter-fin pitch in the streamwise direction, Sy/D, was varied at 1.97, 2.36, 2.95, and 3.94. The research result shows that for both fin arrangements increasing Reynolds number and decreasing the distance Sy/D increases Nusselt number, that means increases heat transfer rate where it reaches maximum at Sy/D = 2.36. The values of pressure drop (P) and friction factor (f) decreases with increasing Sy/D

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION AND R&D ON FIRM PERFORMANCE

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of internationalization on firm performance namely operating performance and financial performance. The dependent variables in this study are operating performance, which is divided ROA and ROS, and also financial performance, which is divided stock return and Tobin’s Q. Independent variables used are internationalization and R&D, as well as control variables such as industry return, leverage, fixed assets ratio, market to book value, and firm size. This study uses sample of 10 industrial manufacturing companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010-2015 period. The result shows that internationalization has a significant positive effect on ROA and ROS of the company, but no significant effect on stock return and Tobin’s Q. R&D has no significant effect on ROA, ROS, and stock return, but has a significant positive effect on Tobin’s Q

A water sustainability index for West Java - Part 1: developing the conceptual framework

Sustainable water resources management is essential since it ensures the integration of social, economical and environmental issues into all stages of water resources management. The development and application of water sustainability indices to achieve sustainable water management has been successfully done in the last few years. Although existing water sustainability indices have successfully provided information on current conditions of water resources and prioritised water related issues, they have been developed for specific case study areas. This study therefore aims at developing a water sustainability index for West Java, Indonesia. The overall steps for developing the index include developing a conceptual framework, application of Delphi technique to finalise the components/indicators of the index, applying the index to case studies and robustness analysis of the index. This paper, which is the first in a two-part series, discusses the first step, namely developing the conceptual framework of the West Java Water Sustainability Index (WJWSI). It outlines the criteria for identifying the initial set of components/indicators and based on those criteria, a detailed justification for selecting each component and indicator is also presented. The second paper of the series presents the application of Delphi technique to finalise the framework of WJWSI based on feedback from selected stakeholders. The remaining steps of developing WJWSI will be undertaken in the future

A water sustainability index for West Java - Part 2: refining the conceptual framework using Delphi technique

In the first paper of this two-part series on the development of a water sustainability index for West Java, a conceptual framework of West Java Water Sustainability Index (WJWSI) was developed. It consists of three main parts: components, indicators/sub-indicators and threshold values. This second paper of the series presents the application of the Delphi technique, followed by in-depth interviews with selected key experts, to refine the conceptual WJWSI framework. The Delphi application includes the design of the questionnaires, the selection of respondents, the distribution and collection of the completed questionnaires and the analysis of data. After Round One of the Delphi application, the respondents reached consensus for all proposed components in the conceptual framework. However, some modifications to the components were also suggested by few respondents. Regarding the indicators/sub-indicators, consensus for 9 of the proposed 12 indicators was reached, and 5 new indicators were suggested. For the threshold values, consensus was reached for threshold values of 5 indicators. In Round Two of the Delphi application, respondents were asked questions related to results from Round One, which include the modification on the components, indicators/sub-indicators which have not been agreed, and newly suggested indicators/sub-indicators and threshold values. Results of Round Two show that modifications on the components were agreed, and consensus was reached for 8 out of the proposed 9 indicators/sub-indicators. In terms of its components and indicators, the framework was then finalised in the in-depth interview with four key experts, selected from different respondent categories. For the threshold values not yet finalised, further study will be carried out, as there was not much input from the respondents in the Delphi application and the in-depth interview

The Disputes of South China Sea From International Law Perspective

Disputes in the South China Sea (SCS) occur due to the seizure of mari- time regions of Spratly and Paracel islands, the regions which are rich in natural resources of oil and gas. Indonesia is not a claimant state to the features in SCS, but Indonesia has a vital national interest to the jurisdiction of waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the continental shelf which overlaps with claims 9 dashed lines of PRC. In analyzing and resolving these disputes, the writer uses theory of law- based state as a grand theory, the theory of International law as a middle range theory, and theory of conflict resolution as an applied theory. The method is a normative legal research. The legal materials are collected based on the identifted list of problems/issues and are assessed according to the classiftcation of the problems. The legal materials are deductively managed to draw conclusions from the problems encountered, and are further analyzed to solve these problems. Conflict resolution to maritime territorial dispute can be achieved by legal means. The dispute settlement by legal means can be done through bilateral, multilateral, arbitration, to the International Court of Justice, while the dispute resolution through CBMs can be achieved through dialogue in International fora by applying the formula 6 + 4 + 2 or 6 + 4 + 1 + 1, and by conducting survey and research cooperation in the fteld of maritime

The Obligation to Ensure the Conformity of International Treaties with the Constitution

Ever since its Independence, Indonesia has acceded to numerous international treaties. Indonesia’s accessions to international treaties are done by signature, and there are treaties which undergo a ratification process legalised by a Law (Undang-undang) or a Presidential Regulation (Peraturan Presiden). This article will review the various aspects related to the need of ensuring the conformity of international treaties with Indonesia’s 1945 Consitution. Firstly, this paper will discuss why the conformity of international treaties acceded by Indonesia with Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution needs to be ensured. Discussed next is Indonesia’s practice in acceding to international treaties. Then, the paper will consider the possibility of instruments of ratifications both in the form of Law and Presidential Regulation being judicially reviewed by the Constitutional Court or the Supreme Court and its implications. Lastly, this paper will elaborate the steps Indonesia must take in the future. In practice, there are no actual process to ensure the conformity between an international treaty and the Constitution. The government should review every international treaty that would be acceded by Indonesia so that its conformity with the Constitution is ensured