Huntingtin mediates anxiety/depression-related behaviours in mouse through BDNF transport and hippocampal neurogenesis

peer reviewe

Improved control of Septoria tritici blotch in durum wheat using cultivar mixtures

Mixtures of cultivars with contrasting levels of disease resistance are capable of suppressing infectious diseases in wheat, as demonstrated in numerous field experiments. Most studies focused on airborne pathogens in bread wheat, while splash-dispersed pathogens have received less attention, and no studies have been conducted in durum wheat. We conducted a two-year field experiment in Tunisia, a major durum wheat producer in the Mediterranean region, to evaluate the performance of cultivar mixtures in controlling the polycyclic, splash-dispersed disease Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in durum wheat. To measure STB severity, we used a novel, high-throughput method based on digital analysis of images captured from 3074 infected leaves collected from 42 and 40 experimental plots on the first and the second year, respectively. This method allowed us to quantify pathogen reproduction on wheat leaves and to acquire a large dataset that exceeds previous studies with respect to accuracy and statistical power. Our analyses show that introducing only 25% of a disease-resistant cultivar into a pure stand of a susceptible cultivar provides a substantial reduction of almost 50% in disease severity. However, adding a second resistant cultivar to the mixture did not further improve disease control, contrary to predictions of epidemiological theory. Susceptible cultivars can be agronomically superior to resistant cultivars or be better accepted by growers for other reasons. Hence, if mixtures with only a moderate proportion of the resistant cultivar provide similar degree of disease control as resistant pure stands, as our analysis indicates, such mixtures are more likely to be accepted by growers

semi-automated selection of crispr-Cas9 edited hiPSC: sequencing and SNPs

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Huntingtin mediates anxiety/depression-related behaviors and hippocampal neurogenesis.

International audienc

Huntingtin mediates anxiety/depression-related behaviors and hippocampal neurogenesis.

Hervé-Bazin J. Syrphide nouveau des colonies françaises [Dipt.]. In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 18 (16),1913. pp. 398-399

Membrane asymmetry imposes directionality on lipid droplet emergence from the ER

During energy bursts, neutral lipids fabricated within the ER bilayer demix to form lipid droplets (LDs). LDs bud off mainly in the cytosol where they regulate metabolism and multiple biological processes. They indeed become accessible to most enzymes and can interact with other organelles. How such directional emergence is achieved remains elusive. Here, we found that this directionality is controlled by an asymmetry in monolayer surface coverage. Model LDs emerge on the membrane leaflet of higher coverage, which is improved by the insertion of proteins and phospholipids. In cells, continuous LD emergence on the cytosol would require a constant refill of phospholipids to the ER cytosolic leaflet. Consistent with this model, cells deficient in phospholipids present an increased number of LDs exposed to the ER lumen and compensate by remodeling ER shape. Our results reveal an active cooperation between phospholipids and proteins to extract LDs from ER

Seipin and the membrane-shaping protein Pex30 cooperate in organelle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles with central roles in eukaryotic cells. Although the mechanisms involved in biogenesis of these organelles remain elusive, both seem to require the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we show that in yeast the ER budding of these structurally unrelated organelles has remarkably similar requirements and involves cooperation between Pex30 and the seipin complex. In the absence of these components, budding of both LDs and peroxisomes is inhibited, leading to the ER accumulation of their respective constituent molecules, such as triacylglycerols and peroxisomal membrane proteins, whereas COPII vesicle formation remains unaffected. This phenotype can be reversed by remodeling ER phospholipid composition highlighting a key function of these lipids in organelle biogenesis. We propose that seipin and Pex30 act in concert to organize membrane domains permissive for organelle budding, and that may have a lipid composition distinct from the bulk ER