Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1986

Abstract Cabbage was transplanted at the MSU entomology research farm on 18 Jun. Plots were 3 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 20 ft long (18 inches between plants in row). Plots were separated by 10 ft at row ends; 8 ft between rows. Starter fertilizer was added at transplant; a Lorsban drench (3.3 oz/1000-ft row) was applied 20 Jun to control cabbage maggot. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Weekly treatments were applied from 14 Jul to 20 Aug. Treatments were applied with a tractor boom sprayer at 30 gpa, 40 psi, with 3 nozzles (1 directed at top of plant, 2 at sides) over each row. Insect counts were done weekly from 18 Jul to 28 Aug approximately 4 days after spraying. A prespray count was done 3 Jul. Four randomly chosen plants were sampled from the center row of each plot. Four cabbages per ploi were harvested on 30 Aug; each was weighed and rated for wrapper leaf and head damage. Analyses of variance were performed on weekly egg counts and larval counts, as well as seasonal totals of eggs and larvae. Harvest head weight and damage rating data were also analyzed. Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison analysis was performed on significantly different means.</jats:p

Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1986

Abstract Potatoes were planted 7 May at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 40 ft, with 3 ft of buffer zone before the next plot. Two untreated rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a side-dress with fertilizer at hilling (28 May) or as weekly foliar treatments from 25 Jun to 6 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of 3 nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed down directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (17 Jun to 5 Aug) were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. On 10 Jul Cygon was sprayed on all plots to control potato leafhoppers. On 17 and 30 Jul the plots were rated for Colorado potato beetle damage. Yields were taken from center row of each plot on 26 and 27 Aug.</jats:p

The ICF Core Sets for hearing loss – researcher perspective. Part I: Systematic review of outcome measures identified in audiological research

Objective: To review the literature in order to identify outcome measures used in research on adults with hearing loss (HL) as part of the ICF Core Sets development project, and to describe study and population characteristics of the reviewed studies.Design: A systematic review methodology was applied using multiple databases. A comprehensive search was conducted and two search pools were created, pool I and pool II.Study sample: The study population included adults (&gt;= 18 years of age) with HL and oral language as the primary mode of communication.Results: 122 studies were included. Outcome measures were distinguished by 'instrument type', and 10 types were identified. In total, 246 (pool I) and 122 (pool II) different measures were identified, and only approximately 20% were extracted twice or more. Most measures were related to speech recognition. Fifty-one different questionnaires were identified. Many studies used small sample sizes, and the sex of participants was not revealed in several studies.Conclusion: The low prevalence of identified measures reflects a lack of consensus regarding the optimal outcome measures to use in audiology. Reflections and discussions are made in relation to small sample sizes and the lack of sex differentiation/descriptions within the included articles.</p

Pore-scale simulations of gas displacing liquid in a homogeneous pore network using the lattice Boltzmann method

A lattice Boltzmann high-density-ratio model, which uses diffuse interface theory to describe the interfacial dynamics and was proposed originally by Lee and Liu (J Comput Phys 229:8045–8063, 2010), is extended to simulate immiscible multiphase flows in porous media. A wetting boundary treatment is proposed for concave and convex corners. The capability and accuracy of this model is first validated by simulations of equilibrium contact angle, injection of a non-wetting gas into two parallel capillary tubes, and dynamic capillary intrusion. The model is then used to simulate gas displacement of liquid in a homogenous two-dimensional pore network consisting of uniformly spaced square obstructions. The influence of capillary number (Ca), viscosity ratio ( M M ), surface wettability, and Bond number (Bo) is studied systematically. In the drainage displacement, we have identified three different regimes, namely stable displacement, capillary fingering, and viscous fingering, all of which are strongly dependent upon the capillary number, viscosity ratio, and Bond number. Gas saturation generally increases with an increase in capillary number at breakthrough, whereas a slight decrease occurs when Ca is increased from 8.66×10−4 8.66 × 10 - 4 to 4.33×10−3 4.33 × 10 - 3 , which is associated with the viscous instability at high Ca. Increasing the viscosity ratio can enhance stability during displacement, leading to an increase in gas saturation. In the two-dimensional phase diagram, our results show that the viscous fingering regime occupies a zone markedly different from those obtained in previous numerical and experimental studies. When the surface wettability is taken into account, the residual liquid blob decreases in size with the affinity of the displacing gas to the solid surface. Increasing Bo can increase the gas saturation, and stable displacement is observed for Bo >1 because the applied gravity has a stabilizing influence on the drainage process