Isolation, screening of Aspergillus flavus and its production parameters for á- amylase under solid state fermentation

The amylase producing fungi were isolated from spoiled fruits, vegetables and soil, in and around Bangalore, Karnataka, India. The isolates were identified and five fungal species were screened. The best amylase producer among them, Aspergillus sp was selected for enzyme production by both sub merged fermentation using mineral salt medium (MSM) and solid state fermentations using wheat bran as a solid substrate. The various parameters influencing solid state fermentation were optimized. The most important factors are such as pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and moisture content. The maximum amount of enzyme production was obtained when solid state fermentation was carried out with soluble starch as carbon source and beef extract (1% each) as nitrogen source, optimum conditions of pH 7.0, an incubation temperature of 25 (±2) °C, incubation time 96 h and 62% moisture content

A preliminary pharmacognostical study on leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae

The present investigation was conducted to establish pharmacognostical profile for the leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) in order to establish its complete profile to aid in its identification and avoid confusion in taxonomic level for different species of the same genus. The study included macroscopical, organoleptical, microscopical and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves and flowers. The study of the organoleptical evaluation revealed the presence of colour, odour and texture. The microscopic analysis showed thedifferences in cell structures, arrangement and shape of leaves and flowers. The physical characters of various solvent extracts showed the presence of colour, odour and consistency of the powdered leaves and flowers. Finally, the preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, amino acid, flavonoids and sterols in both leaves and flowers. The present findings may be used to establish the authenticity of leaves and flowers of Michelia champaca L. for their proper identification and standardization in order to collect raw plants for the preparation of herbal drugs

Fine mapping of rice drought QTL and study on combined effect of QTL for their physiological parameters under moisture stress condition

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of different yield QTL (DTY2.2, DTY3.1 and DTY8.1) under drought and their physiological response to drought stress. Backcross Inbred Lines (BILs) of IR64 (CB-193 and CB-229) along with IR64, APO and the traditional rice variety Norungan were raised in green house condition under water stress and control to evaluate the effect of the QTL on grain yield. The BIL CB-193 recorded higher photosynthetic rate (22.051), transpiration rate (7.152) and Ci/Ca ratio (0.597) whereas the BIL CB-229 recorded high relative water content (80.76%). It was found that the combination of three QTL (CB-229) performed better than the susceptible parent and the line with two QTL (CB-193 Fine-mapping of two QTLs viz., qDTY2.2 and qDTY8.1, for grain yield (GY) were conducted using backcross derived lines. Composite interval mapping analyses resolved the originally identified qDTY2.2 region of 6.7 cM into a segment of 2.1 cM and two sub QTLs at region between RM23132 and RM1578 (75.75 cM- 77.66 cM), RM515 and RM1578 (75.11 cM-77.66 cM) were identified in qDTY8.1 region. However this study provides a unique opportunity to breeders to introgress such regions together as a unit into high-yielding drought-susceptible varieties through MAS

Structural plasticity of peanut lectin: an X-ray analysis involving variation in pH, ligand binding and crystal structure

Until recently, it has only been possible to grow crystals of peanut lectin when complexed with sugar ligands. It is now shown that it is possible to grow peanut lectin crystals at acidic pH in the presence of oligopeptides corresponding to a loop in the lectin molecule. Crystals have also been prepared in the presence of these peptides as well as lactose. Low-pH crystal forms of the lectin-lactose complex similar to those obtained at neutral pH have also been grown. Thus, crystals of peanut lectin grown under different environmental conditions, at two pH values with and without sugar bound to the lectin, are now available. They have been used to explore the plasticity and hydration of the molecule. A detailed comparison between different structures shows that the lectin molecule is sturdy and that the effect of changes in pH, ligand binding and environment on it is small. The region involving the curved front β-sheet and the loops around the second hydrophobic core is comparatively rigid. The back β-sheet involved in quaternary association, which exhibits considerable variability, is substantially flexible, as is the sugar-binding region. The numbers of invariant water molecules in the hydration shell are small and they are mainly involved in metal coordination or in stabilizing unusual structural features. Small consistent movements occur in the combining site upon sugar binding, although the site is essentially preformed

Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of Turbinaria ornata in human RBC model

522-527Turbinaria ornata methanolic extract (TOME) with more bioactive compounds has been investigated for its in vitro total antioxidant activity, DPPH scavenging assay, reducing power assay, and antioxidant potential. Anti-hemolysis and anti-inflammatory activities were studied in human RBC model. Our preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that TOME constitutes carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, coumarines, steroids, and terpenoids. TOME at the concentration of 100 µg showed 89.11% of total antioxidant activity. The free radicals NO, H2O2 and SOD scavenging activities were enhanced with an increase in the concentration of TOME. Further, TOME at selected 0.5, 0.75 and 1(mg/ml) concentrations showed significant reduction in H2O2-induced hemolysis. The higher dose of 500 µg/ml (among selected concentrations) showed about 81 % of anti-inflammatory activity through enhanced stabilization of RBC membrane which was significant as the positive control diclofenac sodium. Thus our study clearly elucidated that Turbinaria ornata with potent bioactivities inhibited free radicals assault and prevented inflammation in RBC model

Glycotope structures and intramolecular affinity factors of plant lectins for Tn/T antigens

B

Bioactive potential analysis of brown seaweed Sargassum wightii using UV-VIS and FT-IR

The current study was investigated to explore the biogenic molecules of Sargassum wightii collected from the south east of Tamil Nadu, India. The biogenic molecules extracted from Sargassum wightii by using methanol as a solvent and the analysis was carried out by using UV-Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. The UV-Visible spectrum of the methanolic extract of Sargassum wightii exposed the existence of the biogenic molecules separated from 200 - 1100 nm among the absorption. The incidence of peaks from 234-676 nm discovered the presence of flavonoids and its derivatives. The unprocessed methanolic extract of Sargassum wightii was travelled in to FT-IR and it indicated the being of phenols and flavonoids their functional groups such as alcohol, alkane, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, alkynes and aromatics. From the results, the future aim of this study is necessary to develop the target site to treat dreadful diseases. Keywords: Sargassum Wightii, FT-IR, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Phytochemical analysis

Method Development and Validation of Domperidone Malate in Tablet Dosage Form by Using RP-HPLC Method

A simple, precise, dependable, and replicable HPLC technique was developed to analyze Domperidone in solid dosage forms. The method utilized a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of KH2PO4 Buffer and Methanol in a ratio of 60:40 (v/v), with detection performed at 253 nm. Domperidone exhibited a retention time of 6.7 minutes. Validation of the method was conducted following ICH guidelines, demonstrating satisfactory linearity, accuracy, and precision. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined to be 0.36 µg/mL and 1.56 µg/mL, respectively. This method proved suitable for the routine analysis of Domperidone, both individually and in combination with other dosage forms

Comparisons of host mitochondrial, nuclear and endosymbiont bacterial genes reveal cryptic fig wasp species and the effects of Wolbachia on host mtDNA evolution and diversity

Background Figs and fig-pollinating wasp species usually display a highly specific one-to-one association. However, more and more studies have revealed that the "one-to-one" rule has been broken. Co-pollinators have been reported, but we do not yet know how they evolve. They may evolve from insect speciation induced or facilitated by Wolbachia which can manipulate host reproduction and induce reproductive isolation. In addition, Wolbachia can affect host mitochondrial DNA evolution, because of the linkage between Wolbachia and associated mitochondrial haplotypes, and thus confound host phylogeny based on mtDNA. Previous research has shown that fig wasps have the highest incidence of Wolbachia infection in all insect taxa, and Wolbachia may have great influence on fig wasp biology. Therefore, we look forward to understanding the influence of Wolbachia on mitochondrial DNA evolution and speciation in fig wasps. Results We surveyed 76 pollinator wasp specimens from nine Ficus microcarpa trees each growing at a different location in Hainan and Fujian Provinces, China. We found that all wasps were morphologically identified as Eupristina verticillata, but diverged into three clades with 4.22-5.28% mtDNA divergence and 2.29-20.72% nuclear gene divergence. We also found very strong concordance between E. verticillata clades and Wolbachia infection status, and the predicted effects of Wolbachia on both mtDNA diversity and evolution by decreasing mitochondrial haplotypes. Conclusions Our study reveals that the pollinating wasp E. verticillata on F. microcarpa has diverged into three cryptic species, and Wolbachia may have a role in this divergence. The results also indicate that Wolbachia strains infecting E. verticillata have likely resulted in selective sweeps on host mitochondrial DNA

Current Aspects of Design, Optimization, Quality Control Sterilization, and Packaging of Medical Devices

Medical devices (MD) play a crucial role in healthcare and they are indispensable assets in healthcare, facilitating precise diagnostics and timely treatments. MD design is a challenging procedure that requires knowledge of healthcare laws and regulations. These are sterilized to prevent contamination. To guarantee the safety and effectiveness of the product, Container Closure Integrity and Extractactables & Leachable testing is carried out at the final phases of MD packaging development. This review article has discussed the importance of the design of MDs, a well-functioning MD\u27s Quality Management System should include Design Control measures, a quality control process, and the steps to assess the reliability of MDs by following these guidelines, manufacturers can help to ensure the safety and effectiveness of their products, sterilization, and packaging of MDs. The intricate interplay between these elements within the healthcare industry underscores their paramount importance, as we navigate to the era of rapid technological advancements and growing demands for safer and more effective MDs, a comprehensive understanding of these topics becomes increasingly vital. To ensure the continued improvement of patient safety, optimization of healthcare services, and seamless compliance with the regulatory standards, stakeholders must prioritize harmonizing quality management, Design Control, and reliability assessment. As we move forward, it is clear that collaborative efforts among manufacturers, healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and researchers will be indispensable in shaping the future of MD innovation, quality, and reliability. This review serves as a foundation upon which the quality and safety of MD benefit patients worldwide