Nanotechnology in the context of organic food processing

Nanotechnology, the science of the ultra small, is up-and-coming as the technological platform for the next wave of development and transformation of agri-food systems. It is quickly moving from the laboratory onto supermarket shelves and our kitchen tables (Scrinis and Lyons, 2007). Therefore we investigated in a literature review and a comparison of the findings with the EU regulation of organic farming to what degree nanotechnology can be applied in organic food production. The regulations do not restrict the use of nanotechnology in general. Because little is known about the impact on environment and human health, precaution should be taken when it comes to applying this technology in organic food production

Antinematic local order in dendrimer liquids

We use monomer-resolved numerical simulations to study the positional and orientational structure of a dense dendrimer solution, focusing on the effects of dendrimers' prolate shape and deformability on the short-range order. Our results provide unambiguous evidence that the nearest-neighbor shell of a tagged particle consists of a mixture of crossed, side-by-side, side-to-end, and end-to-end pair configurations, imposing antinematic rather than nematic order observed in undeformable rodlike particles. This packing pattern persists even at densities where particle overlap becomes sizable. We demonstrate that the antinematic arrangement is compatible with the A15 crystal lattice reported in several dendrimer compounds.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Paper millionaires: How valuable is stock to a stockholder who is restricted from selling it?

Many firms have stockholders who face severe restrictions on their ability to sell their shares and diversify the risk of their personal wealth. We study the costs of these liquidity restrictions on stockholders using a continuous-time portfolio choice framework. These restrictions have major effects on the optimal investment and consumption strategies because of the need to hedge the illiquid stock position and smooth consumption in anticipation of the eventual lapse of the restrictions. These results provide a number of important insights about the effects of illiquidity in financial markets.

Incriminatory Effects of Compliance with IRS Subpoenas for Personal Documents: An Analysis of Current Approaches

This Note argues that creating a tax-crime exception to the privilege against self-incrimination countervenes both the language and the spirit of the Fifth Amendment. This Note further argues that the Ninth Circuit\u27s creation of a tax crime-exception stemmed from a misinterpretation of precedent. This Note describes the tax system and structure of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), including its investigatory powers. The relationship between the IRS and the Department of Justice is discussed to ascertain the incriminatory effects of taxpayers\u27 disclosures. A Ninth Circuit district court case, United States v. Troescher, is used as a framework for analyzing the Ninth Circuit\u27s distinction between tax and nontax crimes. The development of the nontax-crime exception by the Ninth Circuit is also discussed. Additionally, this Note examines the history of the privilege against self-incrimination and the different tests employed by the Supreme Court to determine its applicability. This Note concludes by arguing that the current approach of the Ninth Circuit is inconsistent with the underlying purposes of the Fifth Amendmen

Incriminatory Effects of Compliance with IRS Subpoenas for Personal Documents: An Analysis of Current Approaches

This Note argues that creating a tax-crime exception to the privilege against self-incrimination countervenes both the language and the spirit of the Fifth Amendment. This Note further argues that the Ninth Circuit\u27s creation of a tax crime-exception stemmed from a misinterpretation of precedent. This Note describes the tax system and structure of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), including its investigatory powers. The relationship between the IRS and the Department of Justice is discussed to ascertain the incriminatory effects of taxpayers\u27 disclosures. A Ninth Circuit district court case, United States v. Troescher, is used as a framework for analyzing the Ninth Circuit\u27s distinction between tax and nontax crimes. The development of the nontax-crime exception by the Ninth Circuit is also discussed. Additionally, this Note examines the history of the privilege against self-incrimination and the different tests employed by the Supreme Court to determine its applicability. This Note concludes by arguing that the current approach of the Ninth Circuit is inconsistent with the underlying purposes of the Fifth Amendmen

Einsatz der Mikroverkapselungsverfahren in der Ökolebensmittelverarbeitung am Beispiel von mikroverkapselten Probiotika

Microencapsulation is a technique by which sensitive ingredients are entrapted in thin polymeric matrix or coats. Microcapsule contents or „core“ materials are generally protected from adverse environmental conditions. Microencapsulation in the food industry can be used by every class of food ingredient. The microencapsulation of probiotics, the live microbial food supplements, is developing since the past decade. However many promised positive effects of probiotics are not yet proved scientifically. Furthermore research on the effects of the probiotic bacteria and the microencapsulation techniques is needed. This work aimed at just observing the adverse effects of the microencapsulation techniques (e.g. by probiotics). Due to this, there is a great need of regulation according to the European Regulation on organic production (EEC) No 2092/1991 (834/2007)

Standardisierung der Steigbildmethode für die Unterscheidung von Proben aus verschiedener Herkunft

With the Steigbild technique patterns are produced on thin-layer chromatographic paper and evaluated as a fingerprint of the sample as a whole. To be applied in routine analysis the method has to be standardised according to international standard norms. The operating procedures were documented and a method for the visual evaluation was standardised. Then several factors of influence were tested and the reproducibility was investigated. The method is able to differentiate patterns from samples from different farming treatments and processing steps. Farm pairs of organic and conventional farm management can be distinguished as statistical significant and classified according to the farming system for carrot and wheat samples. This represents a significant step forward beyond the state of the art

A Survey of Best Monotone Degree Conditions for Graph Properties

We survey sufficient degree conditions, for a variety of graph properties, that are best possible in the same sense that Chvatal's well-known degree condition for hamiltonicity is best possible.Comment: 25 page