Relational Analysis of Profile of Beneficiaries of Farm Ponds and its Socio Economic Impact

The present investigation was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra State. The main objective of the study was relationship between profile of beneficiaries of farm ponds and its impact. The data were collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule by contacting 80 beneficiaries. The result revealed that majority (75.00%) of the beneficiaries having middle farming experience, followed by 26.25 per cent of the beneficiaries were educated up to secondary school level, while 50.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were having semi-medium land holding .whereas 75.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium area under irrigation, While 80.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium family size. It was also found that 87.50 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium social participation, whereas 52.50 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium level of extension contact, and 52.50 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium level of economic motivation, followed by 63.75 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium risk preferences. Also the result showed that farming experience, education, land holding, area under irrigation, family size social participation, extension contact, economic motivation and risk preferences were found to be positively and significantly related with impact in technological change (i.e) crop production, cropping pattern and soil conservation structure of farm pond. Also the result showed that relationship of profile of beneficiaries with economic change in employment generation only economic motivation was positive and non-significant, followed by relationship of profile of beneficiaries with social change in material possession and implement possession i.e. economic motivation was non-significant also social participation was non-significant in change in education family member

Relationship of Extent of Participation and Impact of National Watershed Development programme by the Beneficiaries

The present investigation was conducted in Beed and Nanded district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra State. The main objective of the study was to assess the relationship between profile of beneficiaries with their extent of participation and impact of NWDP. The data were collected with the help of pre-designed interview schedule by contacting 200 respondents i.e. 100 beneficiaries from watershed villages and 100 non-beneficiaries from non-watershed villages. The result revealed that majority (70.00%) of the beneficiaries having middle aged, followed by 38.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were educated up to secondary school level, while 52.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium family size. Further it was observed that 53.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were from higher caste i.e. major castes – Maratha, Brahmin, while 49.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having semi medium land holding, whereas 60.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium area under irrigation. It was also found that 66.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium annual income, while 46.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium social participation, whereas 61.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium level of extension contact, and 52.00 per cent of the beneficiaries having medium level of economic motivation. Also the result showed that education, family size, land holding, area under irrigation, annual income, social participation, extension contact and economic motivation were found to be positively and significantly related with extent of participation and impact of NWDP

Pharmacovigilance in India, Uganda and South Africa with reference to WHO’s minimum requirements

Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) data are crucial for ensuring safety and effectiveness of medicines after drugs have been granted marketing approval. This paper describes the PV systems of India, Uganda and South Africa based on literature and Key Informant (KI) interviews and compares them with the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) minimum PV requirements for a Functional National PV System. Methods: A documentary analysis of academic literature and policy reports was undertaken to assess the medicines regulatory systems and policies in the three countries. A gap analysis from the document review indicated a need for further research in PV. KI interviews covered topics on PV: structure and practices of the system; current regulatory policy; capacity limitations, staffing, funding and training; availability and reporting of data; and awareness and usage of the systems. Twenty interviews were conducted in India, 8 in Uganda and 11 in South Africa with government officials from the ministries of health, national regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical producers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), members of professional associations and academia. The findings from the literature and KI interviews were compared with WHO’s minimum requirements. Results: All three countries were confronted with similar barriers: lack of sufficient funding, limited number of trained staff, inadequate training programs, unclear roles and poor coordination of activities. Although KI interviews represented viewpoints of the respondents, the findings confirmed the documentary analysis of the literature. Although South Africa has a legal requirement for PV, we found that the three countries uniformly lacked adequate capacity to monitor medicines and evaluate risks according to the minimum standards of the WHO. Conclusion: A strong PV system is an important part of the overall medicine regulatory system and reflects on the stringency and competence of the regulatory bodies in regulating the market ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications. National PV systems in the study countries needed strengthening. Greater attention to funding is needed to coordinate and sustain PV activities. Our study highlights a need for developing more systematic approaches to regularly monitoring and evaluating PV policy and practices

Development of CIGS2 Thin Films on Ultralightweight Flexible Large Area Foil Sunstrates

The development of thin film solar cells is aimed at reducing the costs for photovoltaic systems. Use of thin film technology and thin foil substrate such as 5-mil thick stainless steel foil or 1-mil thick Ti would result in considerable costs savings. Another important aspect is manufacturing cost. Current single crystal technology for space power can cost more than $300 per watt at the array level and weigh more than 1 kg/sq m equivalent to specific power of approx. 65 W/kg. Thin film material such as CuIn1-xGaxS2 (CIGS2), CuIn(1-x)Ga(x)Se(2-y)S(y) (CIGSS) or amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) may be able to reduce both the cost and mass per unit area by an order of magnitude. Manufacturing costs for solar arrays are an important consideration for total spacecraft budget. For a medium sized 5kW satellite for example, the array manufacturing cost alone may exceed$ 2 million. Moving to thin film technology could reduce this expense to less than $ 500K. Earlier publications have demonstrated the potential of achieving higher efficiencies from CIGSS thin film solar cells on 5-mil thick stainless steel foil as well as initial stages of facility augmentation for depositing thin film solar cells on larger (6 in x 4 in) substrates. This paper presents the developmental study of achieving stress free Mo coating; uniform coatings of Mo back contact and metallic precursors. The paper also presents the development of sol gel process, refurbishment of selenization/sulfurization furnace, chemical bath deposition (CBD) for n-type CdS and scrubber for detoxification of H2S and H2Se gases

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF VATARAKTA- A CASE STUDY

Vatarakta is a disease explained in Ayurveda involving Vata Dosha imbalance affecting Rakta Dhatu, where the Vayu gets aggravated due to long distance rides on animals like elephants, camels, horses, and on the other hand Rakta or blood gets vitiated by the consumption of Lavana, Amla, Katu, Kshara etc The Vata, whose passages are blocked by Rakta further undergoes vitiation and further contaminates the Rakta or blood. The blood vitiated by Vayu later burns the whole blood in the body and later gravitates towards the foot. This vicious amalgamation of vitiated Vata and Rakta is called Vatarakta. Vatarakta can even be correlated to Gout on the basis of etiopathology. A 49 years old male patient approached the OPD with the chief complaints of: Right middle finger swelling along with discoloration. Right feet swelling along with burning sensation of b/l sole. Right shoulder joint pain along with difficulty in movements. General weakness was also seen. All the above complains were since 4 months. The patient was given completely Ayurvedic medicines and Panchkarma therapies for 8 days, and later was shifted on only Ayurvedic medicines on discharge and the results were remarkably seen. Hence this study was taken to prove that Ayurvedic management has remarkable results in Vatarakta (Gout). Observation and results were drawn on the basis of assessment criteria. Discussion was done on the basis of entire observations during research. Conclusion was drawn on the basis of result

Polycrystalline to preferred-(100) single crystal texture phase transformation of yttrium iron garnet nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline Ce-substituted yttrium iron garnet (YIG) powders of different compositions, Y3-xCexFe5O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.0), were synthesized by a combination of sol-gel auto-combustion and solid-state synthesis techniques. The as-obtained powder samples were sintered at 1150 °C for 10 h. The garnet structure formation is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction pattern, which shows that the calculated lattice parameter increased for x = 1.0 and shows a decreasing trend for x ≥ 1.0 with the addition of cerium ions. The lattice parameter increased from 12.38 Å to 12.41 Å for x ≤ 1.0 whereas it decreased from 12.412 Å to 12.405 Å with the cerium composition for x > 1.0. The average particle size determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy is in the range of 50 to 90 nm and found to increase with the substitution of cerium ions in YIG. The room temperature magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence magnetization are greatly affected by the substitution of cerium ions. The values of saturation magnetization decrease from 25.5 to 15 emu g-1 whereas coercivity increases from 1 to 28 Oe with the substitution of cerium ions. The pure YIG sample shows polycrystalline nature that changed towards a single-crystal structure leading to a preferred-(100) orientation with the Ce substitution. The change from a ring to a spotty pattern observed in SAED confirmed the crystalline phase transformation and is well supported by HRTEM and magnetic measurements. The behavior of magnetic and electrical properties is well supported by the poly- and single-crystalline nature of YIG and Ce-YIG, respectively. The crystal structure transformation in YIG brought about by Ce substitution could unveil enormous opportunities in the preparation of single-crystal materials from their polycrystalline counterparts