Caractéristiques structurelles et industrialisation en Afrique : Une première exploration

On considère généralement que le développement des secteurs industriels est lié à la croissance ou au développement économique. Il est aussi usuel de considérer que les relatives mauvaises performances des pays africains sont expliquées par des obstacles à l'industrialisation, qu'ils soient structurels, en termes de gouvernance ou de politiques économiques. Le but de cet article est d'établir quelques faits stylisés sur les performances industrielles des pays africains dans une optique de comparaison entre ces pays. Nous utilisons pour cela des données macroéconomiques couvrant plus de cinquante pays africains sur la période 1990-2008. La méthode consiste à analyser dans un premier temps des statistiques descriptives sur les performances comparées de groupes de pays partageant certaines caractéristiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous explorons les corrélations statistiques entre les performances industrielles et les caractéristiques des pays à travers quelques régressions économétriques simples

An attempt to calibrate the UHF strato-tropospheric radar at Arecibo using NexRad radar and disdrometer data

The goal of this paper is to present a methodology to calibrate the reflectivity of the UHF Strato-Tropospheric (ST) radar located at NAIC in Puerto Rico. The UHF lower relevant altitude is at 5.9km, the melting layer being at around 4.8km. The data used for the calibration came from the observations of clouds, carried out with Strato-Tropospheric dual-wavelength (UHF and VHF) radars and a disdrometer; those instruments being located on the NAIC site in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The National Weather Service operates other instruments like the radiosondes and the NexRad Radar in other sites. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The proposed method proceeds in two steps. The first consists of the comparison between the NexRad reflectivity and the reflectivity computed from the drop size distributions measured by the disdrometer for one day with a noticeable rainfall rate. In spite of the distance of both instruments, the agreement between the reflectivities of both instruments is enough good to be used as a reference for the UHF ST radar. The errors relative at each data set is found to be 2.75dB for the disdrometer and 4dB for the NexRad radar, following the approach of Hocking et al. (2001). The inadequacy between the two sampled volume is an important contribution in the errors. </p><p style="line-height: 20px;"> The second step consists of the comparison between the NexRad radar reflectivity and the UHF non-calibrated reflectivity at the 4 altitudes of common observations during one event on 15 October 1998. Similar features are observed and a coefficient is deduced. An offset around 4.7dB is observed and the correlation factor lies between 0.628 and 0.730. According to the errors of the data sets, the precision on the calibration is of the order of 2dB. This method works only when there are precipitation hydrometeors above the NAIC site. However, the result of the calibration could be applied to other data obtained during the campaign, the only constraint being the same value of the transmitter power.<br><br> <b>Key words.</b> Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (tropical meteorology; remote sensing; instruments and techniques

RECRUDESCENCE OF ONCHOCERCIASIS IN THE COMOÉ VALLEY IN SOUTHWEST BURKINA FASO.

: Onchocerciasis control by vector control was instigated in southwest Burkina Faso in January 1969 by ORSTOM/OCCGE, and continued until operations were taken over by the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in February 1975, which itself ceased operations in the area in 1989 when onchocerciasis was judged to have been reduced to insignificant levels. Initially (1969-1975) vector immigration maintained unacceptably high levels of transmission, but OCP was much larger than the preceding campaign and in 1975 the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP) dropped below 100 at all sites in the Comoé river valley except Folonzo, which continued to be subject to reinvasion, along with the whole of the Léraba river valley. However, after the southern extension of the OCP in 1979, ATPs dropped below 100 everywhere in the Comoé basin (including the Léraba valley), and further dropped to insignificant levels after the western extension of the OCP in 1985. Thus transmission dropped more quickly in the Comoé river valley than the Léraba river valley (which had been subject to vector reinvasion), and this was also reflected in prevalence of microfilaraemia in the human population. After 1986 prevalence was less than 5% in all villages in the Comoé river valley (except for two, which subsequently dropped to 0% and 3.7% by 1999). However, in 2001 (12 years after the cessation of vector control) the prevalence in one village in the Comoé river valley had increased to 39.6%, and two more had increased above 5% by 2007. New epidemiological surveys in 2011 and 2012 showed that in 13 out of 30 villages in the Comoé river valley prevalence of microfilaraemia was above 5%, although this was not observed in the Léraba river valley where prevalence remained low. This is the first documented case of recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the old OCP area, and the reasons are not clear. It is possible that there has been immigration of parasites with humans or vectors from areas where there has been a shorter period of control, or that control has been less effective. It is possible that in spite of very low levels of transmission the local parasite population was never reduced to a level below the transmission breakpoint, or that there has been a local recrudescence due to stochastic population effects. In any case it is clear that the distribution of ivermectin against lymphatic filariasis in the area since 2004 has failed to prevent the recrudescence of onchocerciasis, and the Burkina Faso Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose (PNLO - Ministere de la Santé) has instigated a programme of Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin specifically aimed at onchocerciasis in accordance with the strategy developed by APOC and recommended to governments by OCP when it was dissolved in 2002.<br/

Assessing Communities of Practice in health policy : A conceptual framework as a first step towards empirical research

Peer reviewe

Modeling of the Alteration Wedge in a Crystalline Basement Environment: Case Study of Burkina Faso Central Regions

The alteration wedge is unevenly distributed in the central region of Burkina Faso. Outcrops of crystalline rocks can be seen everywhere on the sheet. Water drilling data made it possible to highlight this inequality.The frequency of the encountered alteration depths associated with the water productivity of the underlying aquifers made it possible to define four thickness bands. The average water productivities are depends on bands thickness.Geological, topographical, pedological, geomorphological and hydrographic maps are used for the correction, verification and validation of alteration maps. They are used to estimate and interpolate alteration depths in areas where drilling and geophysical data are not available.Taking into account the complexity of cartographic representation of alterations and the hydrogeological goal assigned to the map, it is necessary to define and determine reports and validity rates in order to better guide the users. The Validity Rate (VR) derived from the Validity Ratio (VR) which is the quotient of the statistical average over the average mapped alteration depths of a given interval

Identification des risques climatiques de la culture du maïs au Burkina Faso

Au Burkina Faso, le ma&iuml;s est cultiv&eacute; dans les zones soudaniennes et soudano-sah&eacute;liennes o&ugrave; les conditions pluviom&eacute;triques sont plus favorables. La culture est sensible aux al&eacute;as climatiques li&eacute;s &agrave; la variabilit&eacute; et aux extr&ecirc;mes pluviom&eacute;triques. L&rsquo;objectif de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude est d&rsquo;identifier les risques climatiques pour la culture du ma&iuml;s. A partir des donn&eacute;es m&eacute;t&eacute;orologiques journali&egrave;res, une analyse agroclimatique a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;e sur la p&eacute;riode 1979-2008 sur six stations synoptiques. A l&rsquo;aide du logiciel Instat+ v 3.036, la variabilit&eacute; des pr&eacute;cipitations et des param&egrave;tres cl&eacute;s de la saison agricole dont les dates de d&eacute;marrage, de fin, la longueur de la saison, les occurrences de s&eacute;quences s&egrave;ches et la satisfaction des besoins en eau ont &eacute;t&eacute; analys&eacute;s en termes de risques d&rsquo;apparition. Les r&eacute;sultats ont montr&eacute; que le ma&iuml;s est confront&eacute; &agrave; deux risques agroclimatiques majeurs. Il s&rsquo;agit, dans la zone soudano-sah&eacute;lienne, des d&eacute;ficits hydriques imputables &agrave; des s&eacute;quences s&egrave;ches au cours du d&eacute;veloppement du ma&iuml;s. Tandis que les exc&egrave;s d&rsquo;eau li&eacute;s &agrave; des fortes pluies ou des successions d&rsquo;&eacute;pisodes secs et d&rsquo;exc&egrave;s d&rsquo;eau constituent les risques en zone soudanienne. La p&eacute;riode d&rsquo;installation, le cumul pluviom&eacute;trique, la longueur de la saison ne semblent pas constituer de risques agroclimatiques majeurs pour le ma&iuml;s.Keywords: Ma&iuml;s pluvial, variabilit&eacute; pluviom&eacute;trique, param&egrave;tres saison agricole, d&eacute;ficit hydrique, exc&egrave;s d&rsquo;ea

L'industrialisation de l'Afrique: l'importance des facteurs structurels et du régime de change.

This thesis aims to contribute to the rebirth of the industrialization paradigm in Africa and to provide exploitable recommendations for economic policies. This research can be summarized in three parts. The first part analyzes the relationships between sectors of rents and manufacturing. The second examines the effects of agriculture on the manufacturing sector. The third part innovates by integrating the exchange rate regime as a factor explaining the effect of the exchange rate misalignment on the growth rate of the manufacturing industry. From there, several results were obtained. Extractive industries have a positive effect on the manufacturing sector. In spite of its negative effect on the quality of governance, oil rents influence indirectly and positively on the development of manufacturing activities. Even if globally in Africa the development of agricultural activities can support the development of manufacturing activities, this effect is non-existent in North and South Africa. Flexible exchange rate allows promoting a rapid and sustained development of the manufacturing sector at the cost of greater volatility of the real exchange rate. Fixed exchange rate stability benefits the manufacturing sector at the price of a higher cost due to the slow adjustment of the real exchange rate