Participatory Approach to Community Based Water Supply System

Water scarcity due to climate change as well as inappropriate water governance is one of the important topics in the world, particularly in developing countries. Most people who live close to the water resource are not always economically-advantaged. Moreover, it might be seems that people living close to 'economically-attractive water resource' are classified into lower category according to the standard of living in the country. Community based water supply system is one of strong alternatives to existing water supply system by the public sector. The community based water supply system works more effectively if it is based upon strong community network in the region. This study conducts an empirical research on community based water supply system in Indonesian rural area. In this paper, we propose a discrete-choice model which describes the mechanism of resident's spontaneous collaboration to access water. We formulate a hypothesis that households with better community tie have ability to organize "community based" management system. In order to test it, we formulate a spatial probit model which can consider the effect of social interaction upon their choices in water supply system. Traditionally, spatial models are estimated with maximum likelihood method, however, in this paper, we adopt Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to estimate parameters due to the difficulty in estimation of discrete-choice model with spatial interaction term. Using dataset from a field survey in Indonesia which we conducted in 2008 the spatial probit model is empirically tested to show that social interaction in the community plays an important role on resident's spontaneous collaboration to manage community-based water supply system

Diffusion of Electric Vehicles and Public and Home Charging Stations in a Two-Sided Market

2023 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), October 1-4, 2023, Oahu, Hawaii, USAThe diffusion of electric vehicles (EV s) is affected by the spread of EV public charging stations (PCSs) and vice versa. Their interactions are often referred to as “indirect network effects” and analyzed with a two-sided market model. However, the consumer adoption of home charging stations (HCSs), which are considered key drivers of EV deployment, is often ignored. By modeling a two-sided market of EVs and PCSs (i.e., indirect network effects) under the adoption of HCSs, this study explores the EV diffusion process and considers effective strategies for its spread. We examine two cases: in the first, consumer adoption is determined exogenously; in the second, it is determined endoge-nously. In each case, we vary the strength of the indirect network effects, which correspond to the drivers' concern, referred to as “range anxiety.” Through numerical simulations, we evaluate the market shares of EVs, HCSs, and PCSs, as well as social welfare. Our findings have strategic implications for policymakers seeking to increase the market share of EV s in the presence of different types of charging stations without negative social impacts

On the relation between urban road network and distribution centre location strategy of Franchise retail firms

Franchise retailers such as supermarkets and convenience stores have achieved greater efficiency in delivering products to their chain stores by locating distribution centres (DCs) within or near cities. In this study, we propose that the reduction of product transportation time due to the construction of intra-urban roads facilitates the location of distribution centres. To this end, we model the inventory management behaviour of franchise retailers and show that distribution centres have two functions: (1) consolidating the inventory holding risk faced by individual chain stores and (2) achieving larger lot sizes when purchasing goods from outside the city. We then analyse the effects of facilitating logistics by improving intra-city roads on reorganizing the location patterns of chain stores and distribution centres in the city and on improving the convenience of shopping for consumers

Diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease using computed tomography angiography in patients with stable chest pain depending on clinical probability and in clinically important subgroups: meta-analysis of individual patient data

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) should be performed in patients with any clinical probability of coronary artery disease (CAD), and whether the diagnostic performance differs between subgroups of patients. DESIGN: Prospectively designed meta-analysis of individual patient data from prospective diagnostic accuracy studies. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for published studies. Unpublished studies were identified via direct contact with participating investigators. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Prospective diagnostic accuracy studies that compared coronary CTA with coronary angiography as the reference standard, using at least a 50% diameter reduction as a cutoff value for obstructive CAD. All patients needed to have a clinical indication for coronary angiography due to suspected CAD, and both tests had to be performed in all patients. Results had to be provided using 2×2 or 3×2 cross tabulations for the comparison of CTA with coronary angiography. Primary outcomes were the positive and negative predictive values of CTA as a function of clinical pretest probability of obstructive CAD, analysed by a generalised linear mixed model; calculations were performed including and excluding non-diagnostic CTA results. The no-treat/treat threshold model was used to determine the range of appropriate pretest probabilities for CTA. The threshold model was based on obtained post-test probabilities of less than 15% in case of negative CTA and above 50% in case of positive CTA. Sex, angina pectoris type, age, and number of computed tomography detector rows were used as clinical variables to analyse the diagnostic performance in relevant subgroups. RESULTS: Individual patient data from 5332 patients from 65 prospective diagnostic accuracy studies were retrieved. For a pretest probability range of 7-67%, the treat threshold of more than 50% and the no-treat threshold of less than 15% post-test probability were obtained using CTA. At a pretest probability of 7%, the positive predictive value of CTA was 50.9% (95% confidence interval 43.3% to 57.7%) and the negative predictive value of CTA was 97.8% (96.4% to 98.7%); corresponding values at a pretest probability of 67% were 82.7% (78.3% to 86.2%) and 85.0% (80.2% to 88.9%), respectively. The overall sensitivity of CTA was 95.2% (92.6% to 96.9%) and the specificity was 79.2% (74.9% to 82.9%). CTA using more than 64 detector rows was associated with a higher empirical sensitivity than CTA using up to 64 rows (93.4% v 86.5%, P=0.002) and specificity (84.4% v 72.6%, P<0.001). The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve for CTA was 0.897 (0.889 to 0.906), and the diagnostic performance of CTA was slightly lower in women than in with men (area under the curve 0.874 (0.858 to 0.890) v 0.907 (0.897 to 0.916), P<0.001). The diagnostic performance of CTA was slightly lower in patients older than 75 (0.864 (0.834 to 0.894), P=0.018 v all other age groups) and was not significantly influenced by angina pectoris type (typical angina 0.895 (0.873 to 0.917), atypical angina 0.898 (0.884 to 0.913), non-anginal chest pain 0.884 (0.870 to 0.899), other chest discomfort 0.915 (0.897 to 0.934)). CONCLUSIONS: In a no-treat/treat threshold model, the diagnosis of obstructive CAD using coronary CTA in patients with stable chest pain was most accurate when the clinical pretest probability was between 7% and 67%. Performance of CTA was not influenced by the angina pectoris type and was slightly higher in men and lower in older patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42012002780

Enhanced three way catalytic activity of NiFe2O4 by physically mixed metal oxides

The NOx reduction activity of NiFe2O4 in automotive three-way catalysis was enhanced by physical mixing with CeO2, MgO, ZrO2, and Al2O3, while the mixing with TiO2 and Nb2O5 did not promoted the catalytic activity. On both pure NiFe2O4 and the physically mixed catalysts, NO was mainly reduced by C3H6 under the NO-C3H6-CO-O2 reaction conditions, because the temperature dependence of NO conversion in NO-C3H6-CO-O2 reaction was the same as that in NO-C3H6-O2 reaction. The in-situ FT/IR measurement revealed that the NO reduction proceeded with (1) partial oxidation of C3H6 to surface carboxylates, i.e., acetate and formate as good reductants for NO, and (2) reduction of NO by surface carboxylates. The metal oxide additives did not have catalytic activity for partial oxidation of C3H6 nor for NO oxidation to NO2, except CeO2. The main promotion effect was attributed to storage and release of surface carboxylates by metal oxide additives.ファイル公開：2020-04-01journal articl

Development of a Gasoline HCCI Engine Control System

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