The influence of heterogeneous groundwater discharge on the timescales of contaminant mass flux from streambed sediments ? field evidence and long-term predictions

International audienceStreambed sediments can act as long-term storage zones for organic contaminants originating from the stream water. Until the early 1990s, the small man-made stream, subject of our study, in the industrial area of Bitterfeld (Germany), was used for waste water discharge from the chemical industry nearby. The occurrence of contaminants in the streambed is resulting from aqueous-phase transport and particle facilitated deposition. Groundwater discharge through the streambed can otherwise induce a remobilization and an advective contaminant flux so that contaminants are released back from the streambed to the stream water. We investigated the long-term mass flow rates of chlorinated benzenes (MCB, DCBs) from the streambed to the overlying stream water driven by advection of groundwater. The spatial patterns and magnitudes of groundwater discharge were examined along a reach of 220 m length. At 140 locations groundwater discharge was quantified using streambed temperatures and ranged from 11.0 to 455.0 Lm?2d?1. According to locations with high and low groundwater discharge, time-integrating passive samplers were used to monitor current contaminant concentrations in the streambed. Streambed contaminant concentrations at high groundwater discharge locations were found to be lower than at low discharge locations. Based on data from batch experiments and field observations we parameterized and run multiple one-dimensional advective transport models for the observed range of groundwater discharge magnitudes to simulate the timescales of contaminant release and their dependence on the magnitude of groundwater discharge. The results of the long-term predictive modeling revealed that the time required to reduce the concentrations and the resulting mass fluxes to the water to 10% of the initial values will be in the scale of decades for high-discharge locations and centuries for low-discharge locations, respectively

Copper Intercalation into Graphite

An electric brush is necessary for an electric motor to function. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a technique to improve electric brush properties in an effort to produce a more proficient electric motor by creating a new brush material with improved properties and performance. There are many applications for electric motors and each application would benefit from overall, increased proficiency. Understanding the role an electric brush plays within an electric motor is crucial to improving functionality. The proposed technique to create a novel graphite-copper material involves a two-step procedure that will intercalate CuCl2 into the graphite structure, and then by chemical reduction, will reduce the CuCl2 and result in the final products of copper and graphite. The proposed technique seeks to successfully increase the conductivity and wear properties of an electric brush by incorporating copper into graphite which will also enhance the properties of an electric motor. This thesis will detail the procedures of data collection and how to analyze results of the proposed technique. Expected results will also be discussed utilizing preliminary data collected utilizing XRD, SEM, TGA, and BET equipment. Finally, struggles and challenges of such a technique will also be discussed as well as plans for future work on the proposed technique

Pollutant advective spreading in beach sand exposed to high-energy tides

yesThis paper presents field measurements in which dye solute was injected into coastal sand to investigate contaminant advection in intertidal beach sand. The measurements show the pathways of a contaminated plume in the unsaturated zone during both the flood and ebb tides. A prescribed amount of dye tracer solution was directly injected through the topsoil, with average porosity 0.3521±0.01, at predetermined locations of the River Mersey’s outer estuarial beach during ebb-tide. The injected dye was monitored, sampled and photographed over several tidal cycles. The distinctive features of the plume (full two dimensional cross-sections), sediments and water-table depth were sampled in-situ, close to the injection point (differing from previous contaminant monitoring tests in aquifers). The advective movement is attributed to tidal impact which is different from contaminant transport in aquifers. The experimental results show that plumes have significantly large spatial variability, diverging upwards and converging downwards, with a conical geometric shape which is different from the usual spherical/elliptical shape reported in literature. The mean vertical motion of the plume reaches three times the top-width within ten tidal cycles, exceeding the narrow bottom-width by a factor of order 2. The observed transport features of the plume within the beach sand have significant relevance to saltwater intrusion, surface water and groundwater quality. The field observations are unique and can serve as a valuable benchmark database for relevant numerical studies.China Ministry of Science and Technology 973 program (2014CB745001), Special Program of future development in Shenzhen (201411201645511650) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Dynamic and Environment（ZDSY20130402163735964)

Вивчення депресивних порушень у хворих на міастенію

Aim of the research: To study depressive manifestations in patients with myasthenia depending on the duration, clinical form and immunological type of the disease.Methods: A neurological examination, determination of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors and muscle-specific tyrosine-kinase, a Beck depression score of 96 patients with myasthenia was performed.Results: The average age of patients was 50.5±12.4 years, the average duration of the disease was 4.4±1.2 years. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors were detected in 57 (80.3 %) of 71 patients with generalized form and in 13 (52 %) of 25 patients with ophthalmic myasthenia. In 6 (8.5 %) of 71 patients with generalized myasthenia, antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine-kinase were detected. In 8 (11.3 %) out of 71 patients with a generalized form of myasthenia and 12 (48.0 %) out of 25 patients with an ocular form of myasthenia antibodies were not detected. Depressive manifestations in the form of mild (32 persons) and moderate (34 persons) depression were detected in 66 patients, the mean score on the Beck scale was 12.9±3.45 points). In patients with a generalized form of myasthenia, the incidence of mild to moderate depression does not significantly differ, with no significant difference in the average duration of the disease in these groups of patients. At the same time, in patients with generalized myasthenia without manifestations of depression, the average duration of the disease was significantly lower. The presence and degree of manifestations of depressive disorders does not depend on the presence of antibodies to the receptors of acetylcholine, antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine-kinase or their absence.Conclusions: As a result of the work, it was found that the development of depressive disorders in patients with myasthenia increases with the duration of the disease. Depressive manifestations are more pronounced in patients with generalized myasthenia in compare to patients with ophthalmic form.The development and degree of depressive manifestations does not depend on the immune type of myastheniaВивчено депресивні прояви у 96 хворих на міастенію. В результаті роботи встановлено, що частота розвитку депресивних порушень у хворих на міастенію збільшується з тривалістю перебігу хвороби. Депресивні прояви більш виражені у хворих на генералізовану міастенію порівняно з хворими з очною формою. Розвиток та ступінь депресивних проявів не залежить від імунологічного типу міастені

Pollutant advective spreading in beach sand exposed to high-energy tides

yesThis paper presents field measurements in which dye solute was injected into coastal sand to investigate contaminant advection in intertidal beach sand. The measurements show the pathways of a contaminated plume in the unsaturated zone during both the flood and ebb tides. A prescribed amount of dye tracer solution was directly injected through the topsoil, with average porosity 0.3521±0.01, at predetermined locations of the River Mersey’s outer estuarial beach during ebb-tide. The injected dye was monitored, sampled and photographed over several tidal cycles. The distinctive features of the plume (full two dimensional cross-sections), sediments and water-table depth were sampled in-situ, close to the injection point (differing from previous contaminant monitoring tests in aquifers). The advective movement is attributed to tidal impact which is different from contaminant transport in aquifers. The experimental results show that plumes have significantly large spatial variability, diverging upwards and converging downwards, with a conical geometric shape which is different from the usual spherical/elliptical shape reported in literature. The mean vertical motion of the plume reaches three times the top-width within ten tidal cycles, exceeding the narrow bottom-width by a factor of order 2. The observed transport features of the plume within the beach sand have significant relevance to saltwater intrusion, surface water and groundwater quality. The field observations are unique and can serve as a valuable benchmark database for relevant numerical studies.China Ministry of Science and Technology 973 program (2014CB745001), Special Program of future development in Shenzhen (201411201645511650) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Dynamic and Environment（ZDSY20130402163735964)

Вивчення показників якості життя в залежності від нейропсихологічних змін у хворих на міастенію

Aim of the research: to study of the quality of life in adults with myasthenia, depending on the clinical form of the disease and the neuropsychological status of patients.Materials and methods. An in-depth clinical and neurological examination was carried out, incl. with the definition of myasthenia class by MGFA, neuropsychological (assessment on the scale of Beck depression and determination of anxiety level on the Spielberg-Khanin scale) examination of 96 adult patients (56 women and 40 men) with myasthenia (71 with generalized, 25 with ophthalmic form, respectively).Results. In assessing the MGQoL-15 scale, the average quality of life measures were 10.3 ± 9.4 points (ranging from 0 to 31).When assessing situational anxiety on the Spielberg-Khanin scale, a moderate level of anxiety was detected in 44 patients, a high one in 24 patients, while a low level of anxiety was observed in 28 patients.When comparing the quality of life in patients with myasthenia according to the MGQoL-15 scale and the level of situational anxiety by the Spielberg-Khanin scale, a reliable (albeit insignificant) negative effect of increased anxiety on the quality of life was established (r = -0.24, p = 0.01 ).Depressive manifestations in the form of mild (32 people) and moderate (34 people) depression were found in 66 patients, the average value on the Beck scale was 12.9 ± 3.5 points.When comparing the quality of life indicators in patients with myasthenia according to the MGQoL-15 scale and the indicators on the Beck depression scale, a reliable relationship was established between these indicators (r = 0.49, p<0.001).Conclusions. The indicators of the quality of life of myasthenia patients depend on the severity of the disease. The quality of life is affected by the level of depression and situational anxiety. The highest quality of life is observed in patients with ophthalmic form of myasthenia. The incidence of anxious and depressive disorders in patients with myasthenia increases with the experience of the disease. Disturbing and depressive manifestations are more pronounced in patients with generalized myasthenia compared with patients with an ophthalmic formЦель исследования: изучение качества жизни у взрослых, больных миастенией, в зависимости от клинической формы заболевания и нейропсихологического статуса больных.Материалы и методы. Было проведено углубленное клинико-неврологическое, в т.ч. с определением класса миастении по MGFA, нейропсихологическое (оценка по шкале депрессии Бека и определение уровня тревожности по шкале Спилберга-Ханина) обследование 96 взрослых больных (56 женщин и 40 мужчин) миастенией (71 - с генерализованной, 25 - с глазной формой) .Результаты. При оценке по шкале MGQoL-15 средние показатели качества жизни составили 10,3±9,4 баллов (при ранжировании от 0 до 31).При оценке ситуационной тревожности по шкале Спилберга-Ханина умеренный уровень тревожности выявлен у 44 пациентов, высокий - у 24 пациентов, в то время как низкий уровень тревожности имели 28 человек.При проведении сопоставления показателей качества жизни у больных миастенией по шкале MGQoL-15 и уровня ситуативной тревожности по шкале Спилберга-Ханина установлено достоверное (хотя и незначительное) негативное влияние повышенной тревожности на качество жизни (r=-0,24, p=0 ,01).Депрессивные проявления в виде легкой (32 человека) и умеренной (34 человека) депрессии обнаружены у 66 больных, средний показатель по шкале Бека - 12,9±3,5 балла).При проведении сопоставления показателей качества жизни у больных миастенией по шкале MGQoL-15 и показателей по шкале депрессии Бека установлена достоверная связь между данными показателями (r=0,49, p <0,001).Выводы. Показатели качества жизни больных миастенией зависят от степени тяжести заболевания. На качество жизни влияет уровень депрессии и ситуационной тревожности. Самые высокие показатели качества жизни отмечаются у больных с глазной формой миастении. Частота развития тревожных и депрессивных нарушений у больных миастенией увеличивается со стажем болезни. Тревожные и депрессивные проявления более выражены у больных генерализованной миастенией по сравнению с больными с глазной формойМета дослідження: вивчення якості життя у дорослих, хворих на міастенію, в залежності від клінічної форми захворювання та нейропсихологічного статусу хворих.Матеріали та методи. Було проведено поглиблене клініко-неврологічне, в т.ч. з визначенням класу міастенії за MGFA, нейропсихологічне тестування за шкалою депресії Бека та визначення рівня тривожності за шкалою Спілберга-Ханіна) обстеження 96 дорослих хворих (56 жінок та 40 чоловіків) на міастенію (71 – з генералізованою, 25 – з очною формою відповідно).Результати. При оцінці за шкалою MGQoL-15 середні показники якості життя склали 10,3±9,4 балів (при ранжуванні від 0 до 31).При оцінці ситуаційної тривожності за шкалою Спілберга-Ханіна помірний рівень тривожності виявлено у 44 пацієнтів, високий – у 24 пацієнтів, в той час як низький рівень тривожності мали 28 осіб.При проведенні співставлення показників якості життя у хворих на міастенію за шкалою MGQoL-15 та рівня ситуативної тривожності за шкалою Спілберга-Ханіна встановлено достовірний (хоч і не значний) негативний вплив підвищеної тривожності на якість життя (r=–0,24, p=0,01).Депресивні прояви у вигляді легкої (32 особи) та помірної (34 особи) депресії виявлено у 66 хворих, середній показник за шкалою Бека – 12,9±3,5 бали).При проведенні співставлення показників якості життя у хворих на міастенію за шкалою MGQoL-15 та показників за шкалою депресії Бека встановлено достовірний зв’язок між даними показниками (r=0,49, p<0,001).Висновки. Показники якості життя хворих на міастенію залежать від ступеню тяжкості захворювання. На якість життя впливає рівень депресії та ситуаційної тривожності. Найвищі показники якості життя відзначаються у хворих з очною формою міастенії. Частота розвитку тривожних та депресивних порушень у хворих на міастенію збільшується з перебігом хвороби. Тривожні та депресивні прояви більш виражені у хворих на генералізовану міастенію порівняно з хворими з очною формо

Вивчення якості життя та тривожності у хворих на міастенію (клініко-параклінічні співставлення)

Aim of the research: To investigate the level of anxiety in adult patients with myasthenia.Materials and methods. An in-depth clinical-neurological, immunological (detection of antibodies to acetylcholine and / or muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptors) examination, testing according to MGQoL-15 scale, and Spielberg-Khanin anxiety scale of 96 patients (56 women and 40 men) with myasthenia (71 - with generalized, 25 - with an ophthalmologic form, respectively) were done.Results. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors were detected in 57 (80.3 %) of 71 patients with generalized form and in 13 (52 %) of 25 patients with ophthalmic myasthenia, antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase in 6 (8.5 %) of 71 patients with generalized form. In the case of an ophthalmic form, these antibodies were not detected. In 8 (11.3 %) out of 71 patients with generalized myasthenia and in 12 (48.0 %) out of 25 patients with ophthalmic form of myasthenia antibodies to acetylcholine receptors and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase were not detected.When the MGQoL-15 scale was used, the average quality of life was 10.34 ± 9.4 points (ranging from 0 to 31).In assessing of situational anxiety, a moderate level of anxiety was detected in 44 patients, high – in 24 patients, while the low level of anxiety had 28 people. Patients with an ophthalmic form of myasthenia (class I by MGFA) are significantly more likely to have a low level of anxiety (p <0.05). The moderate level of situational anxiety was significantly more frequently recorded in patients with myasthenia class III by MGFA (moderate form), and high level - in patients with myasthenia class IV by MGFA (expressed form). In patients with a low level of situational anxiety, the average duration of the disease was significantly lower (p <0.05).When comparing the quality of life in patients with myasthenia with the MGQoL-15 scale and the level of situational anxiety with the Spielberg-Khanin scale, there was a significant negative impact of increased anxiety on quality of life (r = -0.24, p = 0.01)Conclusions. The quality of life of patients with myasthenia and the level of anxiety disorders do not depend on the immunological subtype of the disease. The quality of life of patients with myasthenia is largely dependent on the degree of clinical manifestations of the disease. The increased level of situational anxiety reliably reduces the quality of lifeУ статті представлено результати дослідження тривожності та якості життя у 96 хворих на міастенію в залежності від імунологічного типу, тривалості та клінічної форми захворювання. Встановлено, що показники якості життя хворих на міастенію залежать від тяжкості перебігу захворювання та не залежать від імунологічного підтипу хвороби. Розвиток та ступінь тривожних порушень не залежить від імунологічного типу міастенії. Найвищі показники якості життя відзначаються у хворих з очною формою міастенії, а підвищений рівень ситуаційної тривожності достовірно знижує показники якості житт

Оцінка якості життя у хворих на міастенію

Aim: to study the quality of life in adult patients with myasthenia, depending on the immunological subtype and the clinical form of the disease.Methods: 96 patients (56 women and 40 men) with myasthenia (71 with generalized, 25 with an ophthalmologic form, respectively) underwent in-depth clinical and neurological, immunological examination tests on MGQoL-15 scale.Results: When evaluated on the MGQoL-15 scale, the average quality of life was 10.34 ± 9.4 points (in ranging from 0 to 31). In patients with ophthalmic myasthenia (class I by MGFA), the quality of life is significantly higher in comparison with patients with generalized form (p<0.05). In the generalized form, quality of life indicators are significantly reduced with increasing severity of the disease (from class II to class IV by classification of MGFA, p<0.05). The level of quality of life does not depend on the detection of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors, antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase or their absence (p>0.05).Conclusions: The quality of life of patients with myasthenia depends on the severity of the disease and does not depend on the immunological subtype of the disease. The highest indicators of quality of life are observed in patients with ocular form of myasthenia, which is explained by the lesser influence of neurological manifestations of the disease on everyday life, habits, work of patients. Reducing the severity of manifestations of myasthenia leads to an improvement in the quality of life of patientsУ статті представлено результати дослідження якості життя у 96 хворих на міастенію в залежності від імунологічного типу, тривалості та клінічної форми захворювання. Розвиток тривожних порушень у хворих на міастенію збільшується з тривалістю перебігу хвороби, залежить від тяжкості міастенії, не залежить від імунологічного типу захворювання. Тривожні прояви більш виражені у хворих на генералізовану міастені

David Bellose "Is that a fish in your ear? The amazing adventure of translation" viie peatüki tõlge eesti keelde ja tõlkeprobleemide analüüs

Magistriprojekt koosneb David Bellose teose „Is That a Fish in Your Ear? The Amazing Adventure of Translation“ viie peatüki tõlkest eesti keelde ja tõlkimise käigus tekkinud probleemide analüüsist. Raamatu autor David Bellos on Princetoni ülikooli õppejõud, biograaf ja tõlkija. Oma teravmeelselt kirjutatud teoses, mis ilmus esmakordselt 2011. aastal, arutleb autor tõlke olulisuse, vajaduse ja võimalikkuse üle. Töö esimese osa moodustab lähteteksti eestikeelne tõlge. Sellele järgneb teoreetiline raamistik, milles analüüsisin lähteteksti, määrasin selle tüübi ja funktsiooni ning andsin ülevaate tõlkeprotsessi jooksul rakendatud tõlkestrateegiast. Otsustasin kasutada funktsionaalse tõlketeoreetiku Hans J. Vermeeri skopos-teooriat, mille järgi tuleb esmalt määrata tõlke eesmärk sihtkultuuris. Leidsin, et sihttekst peab olema tõlke vastuvõtjale kergesti loetav, kuid samas tuleb säilitada originaali mõtete selgus ja sellele omapärane esitusviis. Kuna tõlgitav teos sisaldas ise mitmeid tõlkealaseid ideid, siis valisin tõlkestrateegia, mis oli kõige enam kooskõlas autori enda vaatega leida sobiv tasakaal erinevate teooriate ja sealjuures ka võõrapärastava ja kodustava stiili vahel. Sealhulgas otsustasin kohati rakendada ka autori välja pakutud valikulise võõrapärastamise meetodit, et anda tõlkele originaali võõrapärast kõla.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5196384*es