Netradiční plodiny a pseudoobilniny

Zatímco se v posledních letech rozšířily nové, hospodářsky významné kulturní rostliny jako sója, dříve hojně konzumované druhy z jídelníčku lidské populace téměř nebo zcela zmizely. Na celé naší planetě se tak znepokojujícím tempem zmenšuje genetická variabilita hospodářských plodin. Jednou z možností rozšiřování diverzity kulturních plodin a zároveň tak nutriční obohacení našeho jídelníčku je pěstování a využívání méně tradičních zemědělských plodin

The inner mass distribution of late-type spiral galaxies from SAURON stellar kinematic maps

We infer the central mass distributions within 0.4-1.2 disc scale lengths of 18 late-type spiral galaxies using two different dynamical modelling approaches - the Asymmetric Drift Correction (ADC) and axisymmetric Jeans Anisotropic Multi-gaussian expansion (JAM) model. ADC adopts a thin disc assumption, whereas JAM does a full line-of-sight velocity integration. We use stellar kinematics maps obtained with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON to derive the corresponding circular velocity curves from the two models. To find their best-fit values, we apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. ADC and JAM modelling approaches are consistent within 5% uncertainty when the ordered motions are significant comparable to the random motions, i.e, $\overline{v_{\phi}}/\sigma_R$ is locally greater than 1.5. Below this value, the ratio $v_\mathrm{c,JAM}/v_\mathrm{c,ADC}$ gradually increases with decreasing $\overline{v_{\phi}}/\sigma_R$, reaching $v_\mathrm{c,JAM}\approx 2 \times v_\mathrm{c,ADC}$. Such conditions indicate that the stellar masses of the galaxies in our sample are not confined to their disk planes and likely have a non-negligible contribution from their bulges and thick disks.Comment: 44 pages, 60 figures, MNRAS accepted. The ADC-MCMC and JAM-MCMC python codes are available at: https://github.com/Kalinova/Dyn_models. The Multi-Gaussian Expansion (MGE) results are also available in the Appendi

Host fruit odours as attractants for Bactrocera cucurbitae females

Background: The Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera, Tephritidae), is one of the most i mportant pests attacking Cucurbitaceae crops i n tropical regions of the world such as Reunion Island. In Reunion Island it is specialized on this family of plants. As fruit volatiles are critical in host finding behaviour of females, cucurbit fruit volatiles can be considered as a promising source of new attractants. The aim of our study was to investigate i n various species (18) of this family, the volatile composition of fruit emission and to identify which components could be attractive for females of B. cucurbitae. Methods: In a first step, we evaluated in small test cages the relative attractiveness for the females of the odours of various host fruit species within the Cucurbitaceae family. In a second step, the volatile emissions of the fruits were characterized according to their stage of ripening using Headspace Sol id-Phase M i croExtracti on (HS-SPM E) col I ecti on and Gas Chromatography/M ass Spectrometry (GC/M S) detection. Fi nal I y, a series of vol ati le compounds were selected according to the chemical analysis and to Gas Chromatography Electroantenogramm Detection (GC-EAD), which were tested individually or in blends in olfactometer tests. Results: In small test cages, large differences in attractiveness were observed between the cucurbit species, and, for a given species, between varieties and between phenological stages. The higher response of the females was observed with mature fruits of Luffa cylindrica (sponge gourd) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber). Depending on the cucurbit species, the most attractive odour was the odour of young fruit or the odour of mature fruit. Ten volatile compounds (alcohols, aldehydes and a terpene) inducing GC-EA D responses were selected and tested in olfactometer bioassays. The attractiveness of single compounds for B. cucurbitae females varied according to their dose. Three of the tested blends induced female responses similar to the odor of fresh cucumber (around 60% of response). Conclusion: The most promising blends found in our study should be further tested in the future for their attractiveness in field experiments. (Texte intégral

Pěstování rostlin v ekologickém zemědělství

Skripta předkládají problematiku pěstování hlavních plodin na orné půdě a trvalých travních porostů v systému ekologického zemědělství. Pěstování rostlin je rozděleno do skupin dle hospodářského významu (obilniny, pseudoobilniny, luskoviny, okopaniny, olejniny, pícniny a meziplodiny na orné půdě). U každé skupiny plodin student nalezne informace o významu pěstování plodiny a její vhodnosti pro ekologické zemědělství, hlavní agrotechnické zásady (osevní postup, výživa a hnojení, příprava pozemku, osivo a odrůdy, předpěstování sadby, regulace plevelů, ochrana rostlin, sklizeň a posklizňová úprava) a ekonomika pěstování

Pěstování obilnin a pseudoobilnin v ekologickém zemědělství

V metodice je zpracována problematika pěstování obilnin a pseudoobilnin jako hlavních tržních plodin ekologického zemědělství v ČR. První část zahrnuje obecné zásady pěstování rostlin (obilnin a pseudoobilnin). Zpracovány jsou základní legislativní normy a dotační tituly. Dále je důraz kladen na volbu vhodných druhů a odrůd. Významná je část věnovaná výživě a hnojení, osevním postupům, regulaci škodlivých činitelů, ale také finalizaci celoroční práce farmáře a to sklizni a posklizňové úpravě bioprodukce. V části věnované pěstování konkrétních druhů je kladen důraz na pěstování pšenice seté (ozimé i jarní formy), opomíjeny ale nejsou ani další pluchaté pšenice jako je špalda, dvouzrnka nebo jednozrnka. Další druhy jsou reprezentovány ječmenem, tritikalem, žitem, ovsem a v neposlední řadě zástupcem skupiny pseudoobilnin - pohankou

Insulin/Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine) Complexes: Physicochemical Properties and Protein Encapsulation

Insulin (INS) was encapsulated into complexes with poly(ethylene glycol)-block poly(L-lysine) (PEG-b-PLys), which is a polypeptide-based block copolymer (a neutral-cationic block polyelectrolyte). These macromolecules can encapsulate INS molecules in aqueous conditions via electrostatic interactions. Light scattering techniques are used in order to examine the complexation process of the hybrid nanoparticles in a gamut of buffers, as a function of protein concnetration. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the complexes depend on the ionic strength of the aqueous medium, while the concentration of PEG-b-PLys was constant through the series of solutions. As INS concentration increased each polyelectrolyte chain interacts with an increasing number of INS molecules, the degree of charge neutralization becomes higher and the size distribution of the complexes decreased also, especially at the highest ionic strength. The size/structure of complexes diluted in biological medium indicated that the copolymer imparts stealth properties and colloidal and biological stability to the complexes, which could in turn affect the clearance properties in vivo. Therefore, these studies could be a rational roadmap for designing the optimum complexes/effective nanocarriers for proteins and peptides

The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Evidence for Pervasive Extraplanar Diffuse Ionized Gas in Nearby Edge-On Galaxies

We investigate the prevalence, properties, and kinematics of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) in a sample of 25 edge-on galaxies selected from the CALIFA survey. We measure ionized gas scale heights from ${\rm H\alpha}$ and find that 90% have measurable scale heights with a median of $0.8^{+0.7}_{-0.4}$ kpc. From the ${\rm H\alpha}$ kinematics, we find that 60% of galaxies show a decrease in the rotation velocity as a function of height above the midplane. This lag is characteristic of eDIG, and we measure a median lag of 21 km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$ which is comparable to lags measured in the literature. We also investigate variations in the lag with radius. $\rm H{\small I}$ lags have been reported to systematically decrease with galactocentric radius. We find both increasing and decreasing ionized gas lags with radius, as well as a large number of galaxies consistent with no radial lag variation, and investigate these results in the context of internal and external origins for the lagging ionized gas. We confirm that the ${\rm [S{\small II}]}$/${\rm H\alpha}$ and ${\rm [N{\small II}]}$/${\rm H\alpha}$ line ratios increase with height above the midplane as is characteristic of eDIG. The ionization of the eDIG is dominated by star-forming complexes (leaky ${\rm H{\small II}}$ regions). We conclude that the lagging ionized gas is turbulent ejected gas likely resulting from star formation activity in the disk as opposed to gas in the stellar thick disk or bulge. This is further evidence for the eDIG being a product of stellar feedback and for the pervasiveness of this WIM-like phase in many local star-forming galaxies.Comment: 36 pages (including 13 appendix pages), 17 figures, resubmitted to ApJ after one round of refereein

Sound Absorbing Resonator Based on the Framed Nanofibrous Membrane

The sound absorbing means are based on a resonance membrane formed by a layer of polymeric nanofibers, which is restricted by a frame. The resonance membrane is then, upon impact of sound waves, brought into forced vibrations, whereby the kinetic energy of the membrane is converted into thermal energy by friction of individual nanofibers, by the friction of the membrane with ambient air and possibly with other layers of material arranged in its proximity. Moreover, part of the kinetic energy of the membrane is transmitted to the frame, to which the membrane is securely attached, and other part is converted into thermal energy due to increased friction in its inner structure, which is caused by the fact that the neighboring parts of the membrane, separated at least partially by the frame or its elements, may vibrate with mutually different periods and/or deviations. The frame is formed by a mesh of grid that can be regular in order to obtain uniform properties over the whole area of the sound absorbing material. The size and shape of the mesh affect the sound absorption or more precisely resonance behavior of the means. To obtain desired sound absorbing characteristics, the resonance membrane is connected to the frame with positive, zero, or negative tension