151 research outputs found

    Segmented Labor Markets – Segmented Solidarities. The Effect of Labor Market Insecurity on Solidarity Attitudes

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    Die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitsmärkte stellt nicht nur moderne Wohlfahrtstaaten vor erhebliche strukturelle Herausforderungen, sondern birgt auch Risiken für den sozialen Zusammenhalt von Gesellschaften. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht anhand eines länderübergreifenden Vergleichs den Einfluss von Arbeitsmarktunsicherheit auf Indikatoren des sozialen Zusammenhalts. Die Analyse verdeutlicht, dass Unsicherheit am Arbeitsmarkt mit niedrigerem Vertrauen und geringerer globalen Solidarität einhergeht, jedoch nicht mit einem negativen Effekt auf lokale Solidarität. Zudem weist die Analyse darauf hin, dass dekommodifizierende Wohlfahrtsstaaten den negativen Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten am Arbeitsmarkt besser entgegenwirken können. Der Artikel liefert einen ersten Einblick in die verschiedenen Dimensionen und Indikatoren von sozialem Zusammenhalt und erzeugt damit ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der sozialen Auswirkungen von Arbeitsmarktflexibilisierung

    Robust semi-automated path extraction for visualising stenosis of the coronary arteries

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    Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is useful for diagnosing and planning treatment of heart disease. However, contrast agent in surrounding structures (such as the aorta and left ventricle) makes 3-D visualisation of the coronary arteries difficult. This paper presents a composite method employing segmentation and volume rendering to overcome this issue. A key contribution is a novel Fast Marching minimal path cost function for vessel centreline extraction. The resultant centreline is used to compute a measure of vessel lumen, which indicates the degree of stenosis (narrowing of a vessel). Two volume visualisation techniques are presented which utilise the segmented arteries and lumen measure. The system is evaluated and demonstrated using synthetic and clinically obtained datasets

    Leaving the bike unlocked: trust discrimination in inter-ethnic encounters

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    Migration and ethnic diversity are said to hamper the cultivation of social trust, as native citizens may hesitate to trust ethnic out-groups and racial minorities. This article examines trust discrimination against ethno-racial minorities in everyday interactions. In a field intervention, cyclists were approached with a request for help that required them to leave their bicycles alone for a short time. I experimentally manipulated the presence and the ethnic background of a bystander positioned close to the spot where the cyclists left their bikes behind and operationalized trust as the decision to leave the bike unlocked and unattended. I found that cyclists showed significantly less trust in the presence of ethno-racial minorities compared to natives. Furthermore, trust in the wild depends on the stakes involved, as measured by the value of the bike, and one’s vulnerability to trust betrayal, as indicated by the physical stature of the cyclists. By examining a real-life indicator of trust in inter-ethnic encounters, this study advances our knowledge of the ethnic boundaries of social trust and forms of covert discrimination in anonymous and multi-ethnic societies

    Optimal sensor placement: A robust approach

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    We address the problem of optimally placing sensor networks for convection-diffusion processes where the convective part is perturbed. The problem is formulated as an optimal control problem where the integral Riccati equation is a constraint and the design variables are sensor locations. The objective functional involves a term associated to the trace of the solution to the Riccati equation and a term given by a constrained optimization problem for the directional derivative of the previous quantity over a set of admissible perturbations. The paper addresses the existence of the derivative with respect to the convective part of the solution to the Riccati equation, the well-posedness of the optimization problem and finalizes with a range of numerical tests

    Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange. A Laboratory Experiment on the Structural Embeddedness of Peer Punishment

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    Peer punishment is widely lauded as a decentralized solution to the problem of social cooperation. However, experimental evidence of its effectiveness primarily stems from public good structures. This paper explores peer punishment in another structural setting: a system of generalized exchange. In a laboratory experiment, a repeated four-player prisoner’s dilemma is arranged either in a public good structure or in a circular network of generalized exchange. The experimental results demonstrate that the merits of peer punishment do not extend to generalized exchange. In the public good, peer punishment was primarily altruistic, was sensitive to costs, and promoted cooperation. In generalized exchange, peer punishment was also altruistic and relatively frequent, but did not increase cooperation. While the dense punishment network underlying the public good facilitates norm enforcement, generalized exchange decreases control over norm violators and reduces the capacity of peer punishment. I conclude that generalized exchange systems require stronger forms of punishment to sustain social cooperation.</jats:p

    Leaving the Bike Unlocked: Trust Discrimination in Interethnic Encounters

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    Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange

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    Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange. A Laboratory Experiment on the Structural Embeddedness of Peer Punishment

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    Peer punishment is widely lauded as a decentralized solution to the problem of social cooperation. However, experimental evidence of its effectiveness primarily stems from public good structures. This paper explores peer punishment in another structural setting: a system of generalized exchange. In a laboratory experiment, a repeated four-player prisoner’s dilemma is arranged either in a public good structure or in a circular network of generalized exchange. The experimental results demonstrate that the merits of peer punishment do not extend to generalized exchange. In the public good, peer punishment was primarily altruistic, was sensitive to costs, and promoted cooperation. In generalized exchange, peer punishment was also altruistic and relatively frequent, but did not increase cooperation. While the dense punishment network underlying the public good facilitates norm enforcement, generalized exchange decreases control over norm violators and reduces the capacity of peer punishment. I conclude that generalized exchange systems require stronger forms of punishment to sustain social cooperation

    Curved Planar Reformation for Vessel Visualization

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    Die Einf&uuml;hrung hoch aufl&ouml;sender Computer Tomographen erlaubt die Akquisition immer feinerer anatomische Details. Dadurch werden neue Untersuchungsmethoden erm&ouml;glicht. Die Erfassung von Gef&auml;&szlig;strukturen mittels Computer Tomographie; genannt Computer Tomographie Angiographie (CTA); ist eine der wichtigsten Anwendungen dieser neuen Verfahren. Die rasante Entwicklung im Bereich der Akquisitionstechniken erlaubt hoch qualitative und nahezu isotropische Daten in sehr kurzer Aufnahmedauer (40 70s). Die anschließende Befundung der Schichtbilder (bis zu 1500 Einzelbilder!) ist jedoch langwierig. Dies bedeutet; dass die Nachbearbeitung der akquirierten Daten zum limitierenden Faktor in der klinischen Routine wurde. Computer unterst &uuml;tzte Nachbearbeitung und Visualisierung wird daher zu einem integralen Bestandteil dieser Anwendungen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die klinisch relevante Visualisierung von kontrastierten Blutgef&auml;ßen in Computer-Tomographie-Angiograpie-Daten. Verschiedene Methoden zur Darstellung des Gef&auml;ßquerschnittes durch Curved Planar Reformation (CPR) werden vorgeschlagen. Ein robustes Verfahren zur Extraktion der Gef&auml;ßzentralachse wird erl&auml;utert. Des weiteren werden verschiedene Visualisierungs-Algorithmen anhand eines komplexen Volumsdatensatz untersucht. Einf&uuml;hrend werden Untersuchungsverfahren großer Bildserien aus CTA Untersuchungen der unteren Extremit&auml;ten vorgestellt. Zwei verschiedene Ans&auml;tze zur Diagnose von Gef&auml;ßanomalien peripherer Gef&auml;ße (Stenosen; Verschl&uuml;sse; Aneurysmen und Verkalkungen) werden vorgestellt. Ein semi-automatisches Verfahren zur Berechnung der Gef&auml;ßzentralachse wird pr&auml;sentiert. Weiters wird eine interaktive Segmentierungsmethode f&uuml;r die Detektion von Knochen vorgeschlagen. Basierend auf der abgeleiteten Gef&auml;ßachse werden verschiedene Visualisierungsans &auml;tze vorgeschlagen. Eine M&ouml;glichkeit r&ouml;hrenartige Strukturen darzustellen ist die Extraktion und Darstellung einer l&auml;ngsverlaufenden Schnittebene entlang der Zentralachse. Dadurch werden Durchmesser (z.B. das Gef&auml;ßlumen) und m&ouml;gliche Anomalien (z.B. Verkalkungen) in dieser Schnittebene sichtbar. Dieses Verfahren wird als Curved Planar Reformation (CPR) bezeichnet. Es werden drei CPR-Methoden beschrieben: die Projizierende CPR; die Gestreckte CPR und die Ausgerichtete CPR. Die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Darstellungen werden anhand eines Phantom Datensatzes gezeigt. Schwachpunkte des CPR Verfahrens konnten durch die Einf&uuml;hrung von Erweiterungen verbessert werden. Die Schicht CPR erh&ouml;ht die Toleranz gegen&uuml;ber ungenauen Gef&auml;ßachsen. Mittels rotierbarer CPR kann der gesamte Querschnitt des Gef&auml;ßes erfasst werden. Die Multiple Gef&auml;ß CPR erlaubt die Darstellung ganzer Gef&auml;ßb&auml;ume. Eine weitere Verbesserung des CPR Verfahrens kann durch die Aufl&ouml;sung r&auml;umlicher Beziehungen erreicht werden. Es werden zwei neue CPR Methoden vorgestellt; welche dadurch eine effiziente Darstellung von Gef&auml;ßen erlauben. Die Spiralf&ouml;rmige CPR stellt das gesamte Gef&auml;ßvolumen in einem einzelnen Bild dar. Die Extraktion der Schnittebene basiert nicht mehr auf einer erzeugenden Geraden sondern auf zwei ineinander verschachtelten Spiralen. Die zweite Methode bietet die M&ouml;glichkeit den gesamten Gef&auml;ßbaum &uuml;berschneidungsfrei darzustellen. Dies wird durch geringe Rotationen an den Bifurkationen realisiert. Die ben&ouml;tigte Deformation wird durch ein rekursives Verfahren bestimmt. Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit besch&auml;ftigt sich mit der generellen Akquisition komplexer Strukturen mittels Computer Tomographie. Im Gegensatz zu herk&ouml;mmlichen Modellierungs- und Aufnahmeverfahren ist die geometrische Komplexit&auml;t des untersuchten Gegenstandes irrelevant. Hohlr&auml;ume; L&ouml;cher; verschachtelte Strukturen und Oberfl&auml;chendetails werden korrekt abgebildet. Lediglich die; sich stetig verbessernde; Aufl&ouml;sung des Computer Tomographen stellt eine nat&uuml;rliche Einschr&auml;nkung hinsichtlich der Qualit&auml;t der akquirierten Daten dar. Die Vorteile dieses Modellierungsverfahren werden anhand eines Christbaum Modells demonstriert; welches die Charakteristika eines komplexen Objektes erf&uuml;llt. Die Anwendung von bestehenden Volumsvisualisierungstechniken auf diesen Datensatz ist unmittelbar m&ouml;glich. Unter anderem wird an diesem Datensatz die Robustheit der CPR Darstellungen demonstriert. - With the introduction of high-resolution computed tomography modalities the acquisition of fine anatomical details is made possible. This allows new investigation procedures. The coverage of vascular structures using computed tomography; i.e. computed tomography angiography (CTA); is one of the most important applications in this area. Recent developments in the field of acquisition techniques provide high-quality; near isotropic data within small acquisition times (40 70s). The subsequent evaluation of the cross-sectional images (up to 1500 images!) is a time-consuming process. Therefore post-processing of acquired data was found out to be the bottleneck in the clinical routine. Computer aided post-processing and visualization becomes an essential part of this application. The main focus of this work is the clinical relevant visualization of vascular structures form computed tomography angiography data. Different methods for visualizing the vessel lumen by means of curved planar reformation are proposed. The appropriate center line extraction for the vessel is discussed. In addition to that a complex volumetric data set is presented and evaluated by different visualization algorithms. Investigation methods of large image sequences of the lower extremities are discussed. Two different approaches for peripheral vessel diagnosis dealing with stenosis and calcification detection are introduced. A semi-automated vesseltracking tool for centerline extraction and an interactive segmentation tool for bone removal is discussed. Based on the deduced central axis different visualization techniques are proposed. One way to display tubular structures for diagnostic purposes is to generate longitudinal cross-sections in order to show their lumen; wall; and surrounding tissue in a curved plane. This process is called curved planar reformation (CPR). Three different methods to generate CPR images are described: Projected CPR; stretched CPR; and straightened CPR. A tube-phantom was scanned with Computed Tomography (CT) to illustrate the properties of the different CPR methods. Targeting the drawbacks of visualizing tubular structures using CPRs three enhancements to the basic methods are introduced. The thick-CPR method improves the tolerance of imprecise vessel centerlines. A rotating-CPR covers the complete vessel cross section. The multi-path-CPR displays entire vascular trees. A further improvement of CPR techniques is accomplished by the relaxation of spatial coherence. Two advanced methods for efficient vessel visualization; based on the concept of CPR; are introduced. A helical CPR visualizes the interior of a vessel in a single image. The curved plane extraction is no longer based on a generating line; but on two interleaved spirals. Furthermore; a method to display an entire vascular tree without mutually occluding vessels is presented. Minimal rotations at the bifurcations avoid occlusions. For each viewing direction the entire vessel structure is visible. The estimation of the necessary deformation is done in a recursive manner. The final part of this work reports on using computed tomography as a model acquisition tool for complex objects in computer graphics. Unlike other modeling and scanning techniques the complexity of the object is irrelevant in CT; which naturally enables to model objects with; for example; concavities; holes; twists or fine surface details. The only limitation of this technique is the steadily increasing resolution of computed tomography modalities. For demonstration purposes a Christmas tree is scanned. It exhibits high complexity which is difficult or even impossible to handle with other techniques. The application of existing volume visualization methods is straight forward. The robustness of CPR techniques is demonstrated on this dataset
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