To Study Micro and Macrovascular Complications Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients with and Without Hypertension- A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. It is a global health concern, associated with microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease). Hypertension is a common comorbidity in T2DM, increasing the risk of these complications. Understanding the prevalence of these complications in T2DM patients with and without hypertension is essential for developing effective management strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This descriptive, non-experimental study included 176 T2DM patients, classified based on hypertension status (88 with hypertension, 88 without). The prevalence rates of microvascular and macrovascular complications were analyzed using various statistical tools, considering factors such as the type of complications, age, gender, and duration of hypertension and diabetes. RESULTS  The highest prevalence of complications was observed in patients aged 51-60 years (37.50% with hypertension) and 41-50 years (35.23% without hypertension). Males showed a slightly higher prevalence of complications (54.55% with hypertension, and 55.68% without). Microvascular complications were more common in patients without hypertension (retinopathy 17.05%, neuropathy 55.68%), except for nephropathy, which was slightly more prevalent in those with hypertension (24.42%). Macrovascular complications were more prevalent in patients with hypertension (CAD 28.41%, PAD 2.27%, CVD 10.23%).  CONCLUSION The study found a higher prevalence of both microvascular and macrovascular complications in T2DM patients with hypertension. However, while hypertension contributes to these complications, other factors, such as lifestyle, social history, and genetic predisposition, may also play a role. Further research is necessary to understand these interactions better and improve management strategies for T2DM patients

Waste Recycling for the Eco-friendly Input Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Livestock Feeding

he increasing competition for available resources and inefficient use of those limited resources necessitates the need to improve the use of available resources. If these inefficacies are not corrected, the resource-poor farmers, mainly living in developing countries will be most affected. Yet these resource farmers contribute immensely for food production in developing countries. Smallholder farmers must be proactive and learn to adopt new strategies that can assist them in continuing farming with maximum use of limited agricultural resources and even wastes in agriculture. Several methods are available to improve the use of agricultural wastes, including non-agronomic benefits. Furthermore, we suggest the integration of waste resources, such as from both the trilogy of human– animal–crop wastes. Similarly, inexpensive techniques are encouraged among the farmers, including composting and vermicomposting of human–crop–animal wastes and/or slaughterhouse/abattoir wastes, biocharing of crop and animal wastes as various means of recycling/recovering nutrients in the soil system. Furthermore, the deployment of fungi could also improve the resource use efficiency through mushroom growth and sales, crop residue fermentation to enhance its feed value. Livestock farmers facing nutritional problems can apply microbes through fermentation to reduce antinutritional factors (lignin, tannins) in plants, and improve the safety of kitchen and dairy waste before feeding. Alternatively, farmers are encouraged to raise micro livestock (rabbits, snails, and grasscutters) on their farm to improve the use of resources. On a large scale, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from cow urine, slurry, human feces, and fermentation of phytate rich plants with phytate on industrial scales is recommended. This chapter aims to provide insight into the methods by which farmers and industries, especially those in developing countries, can improve their available resources for agricuture and as livestock feeds

Disguised ulcer of lip and buccal mucosa – rare clinical manifestation of tuberculosis: a case report

Introduction: Oral tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people are infected with tuberculosis. Objective: To report a rare case of oral tuberculosis with ulcers at two different sites. Materials and methods: In order to emphasize the need to consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of non-healing ulcers of oral cavity and the role of oral physician in preventing the spread of such lesions, this article presents a case of oral ulcers at two different sites, diagnosed as tuberculosis ulcer. Results: Oral cavity, which is considered to be a mirror of systemic health, rarely manifests tuberculosis. With increasing number of tuberculosis cases and unusual form of the disease in the oral cavity, the cases are likely to be misdiagnosed. Conclusion: An oral clinician should have a thorough knowledge of tuberculosis and its oral manifestations

Plant Bioactives and Extracts as Feed Additives in Horse Nutrition

Despite the extensive availability and use of plant extracts as feed additives in various livestock species, peer-reviewed and scientific evidence of their usage in horses is lacking. This article dealt with the review of reports from recent studies investigating the usage of plant bioactives or extracts in horse nutrition. For the time being, several herbs, either alone or in composites, are being commercialized and openly available in horsemarket stores, which makes it difficult and confusing for horse owners and veterinarians to make a justifiable choice. Usage of ginger extract as a feed additive in sport horses is encourageable as it manages to attain quick recovery after exhaustion in racing and jumping events. Garlic, ginseng, primerose, and rose hip possess potent antioxidative properties, and their supplementation in a regular diet may lessen the chance of occurrence of oxidative stress-related diseases. Owing to their cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, licorice and Aloe vera extracts have potentiality as feed additives in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses, as they are more prone for equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Echinacea is able to stimulate the equine immunocompetence on addition to the regular diets of equine species. Besides the anti-inflammatory effect, devils claw possess anorexigenic effect, which can limit feed intake, thus keeping the body condition score in check and avoiding obese-related health problems in horses. Regularizing flaxseed meal or its extract as a dietary supplement may support healthy skin and coat condition due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids as an active component. Aloe vera, well known for cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, is found to be efficient in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against ulcers or other disorders on administering as a dietary supplement to equines, but the extent of effect depends on the dosage and extent of supplementation. Although, theoretically plant extracts application is safer compared with synthetic antibiotics or drugs, it does not mean they are completely safe, and few considerations should be given for dosage of the drug, period of administration, apart from monitoring parallel drugs given to prevent herb-drug interactions. The plant extracts with potent benefits, and not tested in horses have to be evaluated with a primary objective to verify the negative side effects, if any, followed by standardization of the dosag

A Case of Neglected Bilateral Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Rare Entity with Unusual Mechanism of Injury

Bilateral shoulder dislocations are rare, and if they occurred, posterior type of dislocations is common. Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations are very rare and occur due to trauma with unique mechanism of injury. We report a case of unreduced simultaneous bilateral anterior dislocations of shoulder without associated fractures in a forty-year-old man following a unique mechanism of injury; both hands of the patient were pulled from either side. To the best of our knowledge, this unusual mechanism of injury has not been reported in the literature

Identity Protection Using Block Chain

Blockchain can be utilized to make a stage that shields people's characters from burglary and enormously diminishes fake exercises. It can permit people the opportunity to make encrypted digital entities that will supplant various usernames and passwords while offering increasingly complete security highlights equipped for sparing clients and establishments important time and assets. In this publication we talk about the application that verifies the personality of the client, and enables them to control their identity sharing to the outsiders like web based business sites. This is a hypothetical perspective on the application including the means how it functions

Molecular Docking and 3D-QSAR Based Design of Novel Imidazopyridinone Derivatives as Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Thymidylate Kinase Inhibitors

Abstract: Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a potential chemotherapeutic target since it is directly involved in the synthesis of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate an essential component in DNA replication. Inhibiting the function of TMK blocks DNA synthesis in replicating organisms. We report 3D-QSAR analysis on a series of thymidine mimetics exhibiting potent inhibitory activity against TMK. Molecular docking, Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were carried out to determine the requisite 3D structural features required for potent thymidylate kinase inhibitory activity. The molecules were divided into training set and test set, a PLS analysis was performed and QSAR models were generated. The model showed good statistical reliability which is evident from the q 2 loo , r 2 ncv and r 2 pred . The models were graphically interpreted using CoMFA and CoMSIA contour maps. The results obtained from this study were used for rational design of potent inhibitors against thymidylate kinase

Circadian influences on myocardial infarction

Components of circadian rhythm maintenance, or “clock genes,� are endogenous entrainable oscillations of about 24 h that regulate biological processes and are found in the suprachaismatic nucleus (SCN) and many peripheral tissues, including the heart. They are influenced by external cues, or Zeitgebers, such as light and heat, and can influence such diverse phenomena as cytokine expression immune cells, metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes, and vasodilator regulation by vascular endothelial cells. While it is known that the central master clock in the SCN synchronizes peripheral physiologic rhythms, the mechanisms by which the information is transmitted are complex and may include hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal inputs. Whether circadian patterns are causally related to the observed periodicity of events, or whether they are simply epi-phenomena is not well established, but a few studies suggest that the circadian effects likely are real in their impact on myocardial infarct incidence. Cycle disturbances may be harbingers of predisposition and subsequent response to acute and chronic cardiac injury, and identifying the complex interactions of circadian rhythms and myocardial infarction may provide insights into possible preventative and therapeutic strategies for susceptible populations.ECU Open Access Publishing Support Fun